Exam 2 Terms Continued Flashcards
affect-as-information theory
explains mood congruence by saying people misattribute a pre-existing mood state as indicative of their reaction to an unrelated target
affect infusion model (AIM)
suggests that mood effects on cognition depend on the kind of information-processing strategy used (direct access, motivational processing, heuristic processing, substantive processing)
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
we begin with a first approximation (anchor), then make adjustments to that number on the basis of additional info; first impressions affect later ones and carry more weight than they should
associative network model
idea that moods are linked to an associative network of memory representations; e.g. a mood state can automatically prime representations linked to that mood
attention
a state of focused awareness or concentration of mental activity
availability heuristic
basing estimates of likelihood on the ease with which we can think of examples
base rate fallacy
ignoring or underemphasizing how often the event occurs in the population
bias blind spot
meta-bias (bias concerning your bias); unaware of your own biases yet we can easily detect bias in others
Broadbent’s Filter Model
the physical characteristics of messages are used to select one message for further processing and all others are lost; meaning of the message isn’t taken into account by the filter (occurs after); problem: attention can be pulled away e.g. hearing your name
central executive
monitors and manipulates the 2 working memory buffers; can add/delete items, retrieve info from LTM, transfer items from the buffers to LTM; Baddeley’s working memory model
cocktail party problem
the process of paying attention to one conversation with the distraction of other conversations happening around us
cognitive economy
each property is stored only once at the most general point in the hierarchy; semantic network model
cognitive tuning
argues that positive and negative moods have a fundamental signaling function that informs whether a relaxed or effortful processing style is required
confabulation
behavior in which individuals respond with highly detailed but false memories when asked to remember past events
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out evidence that is consistent with one’s hypothesis and deny/dismiss/distort inconsistent evidence
conjunction fallacy
mistaken judgment that the probability of the combination of 2 events is greater than the probability of either event occurring alone (statistically not possible)
context-dependent memory
memories become associated to the context in which they are studied; e.g. words learned on land were better recalled on land than underwater and vice versa
Craik and Lockhart view
it’s not how many times you rehearse, but how you rehearse (i.e. levels or depth of processing) that determines transfer to LTM
decay hypothesis
memories weaken as a function of time and therefore become harder to retrieve
decision
assessing and choosing among several alternatives
decision frames
the way a question is formed or the background info provided can have an important effect on people’s decision
defining-attribute view
any concept can be identified by its defining attributes; semantic network model
desirable difficulties
struggling to learn new information generally promotes better long-term retention of that info
Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Theory
all information in the unattended ear is processed on the basis of meaning, but only relevant info gets into conscious awareness (i.e., only the most important stimuli are selected for further processing)
dichotic listening task
a task in which participants in an experiment are presented with two messages simultaneously, one to each ear, and are instructed to repeat back the words from only one of them
emotion regulation
processes by which individuals use memory recall to change their current affective state when motivated to do so; important function of autobiographical memory retrieval
episodic buffer
limited capacity temporary storage system that is capable of integrating info from a variety of sources; new addition to Baddeley model
hindsight bias
tendency to overestimate one’s ability to predict an outcome
information-processing capacity
suggests that mood states may influence processing style because they take up scarce processing capacity
interference hypothesis
competition from other memories blocks retrieval of a target memory
judgment
ability to infer, estimate, and predict the character of unknown events
mood-congruent memory
people are more likely to remember info that is congruent with their own mood state when they learned the material; bias toward learning info that matches mood
mood-dependent memory
better recall when person’s mood at test matches their mood at learning
mood maintenance-mood repair hypothesis
those in a positive mood may be motivated to maintain this rewarding state by avoiding effortful activity; negative mood should motivate people to engage in more effortful processing to relieve that aversive state
negative transfer
learning of the first material can impede learning of the second material (e.g. when switching from a manual to an automatic car you need to unlearn automatic behaviors)
network
an interrelated set of concepts representing a body of knowledge; semantic _____ model
node
concept; a point or location in the network; semantic network model
parallel distributed processing models
memory models that say we can process multiple units at a time and the brain uses multiple connections for one idea/fact; based on neuroscience
pathways/links
connect info about the concepts and/or characteristics; semantic network model
reconstructive memory
remember by combining elements from the original material with existing knowledge
regression fallacy
ignoring regression to the mean (the more you test someone, the more they will regress to the mean); i.e. failing to account for natural fluctuations
representativeness heuristic
we assess degree to which the object represents (or is similar to) our basic idea (stereotype/prototype) of that object
Ribot gradient
a pattern of retrograde memory loss in which recently acquired memories are more prone to disruption than older memories
schema
mental framework for organizing knowledge
script
event schemata; has a particular order associated with it (e.g. what to do when you go to a restaurant)
semantic priming
A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.
spreading activation model
has basic idea of semantic network model but added semantic distance as an organizing principle and added concept of spreading activation (i.e., activating a node/neuron spreads to activating nearby nodes/neurons)
state-dependent memory
better recall when the person’s state at test matches their state at learning (e.g. drunk or sober)
Treisman’s Attenuated Filter Theory
filter weakens rather than eliminates the unattended material; people can still process the meanings of attended and unattended messages
Tulving multiple memory system
divides LTM into semantic memory, episodic memory, procedural memory
types of attention
habituation, selective, divided, sustained
working self
contains information about self-concept and long/short-term goals that are actively being held in mind
