Exam 2 Terms Continued

Question 1

affect-as-information theory

Answer 1

explains mood congruence by saying people misattribute a pre-existing mood state as indicative of their reaction to an unrelated target

Question 2

affect infusion model (AIM)

Answer 2

suggests that mood effects on cognition depend on the kind of information-processing strategy used (direct access, motivational processing, heuristic processing, substantive processing)

Question 3

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Answer 3

we begin with a first approximation (anchor), then make adjustments to that number on the basis of additional info; first impressions affect later ones and carry more weight than they should

Question 4

associative network model

Answer 4

idea that moods are linked to an associative network of memory representations; e.g. a mood state can automatically prime representations linked to that mood

Question 5

attention

Answer 5

a state of focused awareness or concentration of mental activity

Question 6

availability heuristic

Answer 6

basing estimates of likelihood on the ease with which we can think of examples

Question 7

base rate fallacy

Answer 7

ignoring or underemphasizing how often the event occurs in the population

Question 8

bias blind spot

Answer 8

meta-bias (bias concerning your bias); unaware of your own biases yet we can easily detect bias in others

Question 9

Broadbent’s Filter Model

Answer 9

the physical characteristics of messages are used to select one message for further processing and all others are lost; meaning of the message isn’t taken into account by the filter (occurs after); problem: attention can be pulled away e.g. hearing your name

Question 10

central executive

Answer 10

monitors and manipulates the 2 working memory buffers; can add/delete items, retrieve info from LTM, transfer items from the buffers to LTM; Baddeley’s working memory model

Question 11

cocktail party problem

Answer 11

the process of paying attention to one conversation with the distraction of other conversations happening around us

Question 12

cognitive economy

Answer 12

each property is stored only once at the most general point in the hierarchy; semantic network model

Question 13

cognitive tuning

Answer 13

argues that positive and negative moods have a fundamental signaling function that informs whether a relaxed or effortful processing style is required

Question 14

confabulation

Answer 14

behavior in which individuals respond with highly detailed but false memories when asked to remember past events

Question 15

confirmation bias

Answer 15

tendency to seek out evidence that is consistent with one’s hypothesis and deny/dismiss/distort inconsistent evidence

Question 16

conjunction fallacy

Answer 16

mistaken judgment that the probability of the combination of 2 events is greater than the probability of either event occurring alone (statistically not possible)

Question 17

context-dependent memory

Answer 17

memories become associated to the context in which they are studied; e.g. words learned on land were better recalled on land than underwater and vice versa

Question 18

Craik and Lockhart view

Answer 18

it’s not how many times you rehearse, but how you rehearse (i.e. levels or depth of processing) that determines transfer to LTM

Question 19

decay hypothesis

Answer 19

memories weaken as a function of time and therefore become harder to retrieve

Question 20

decision

Answer 20

assessing and choosing among several alternatives

Question 21

decision frames

Answer 21

the way a question is formed or the background info provided can have an important effect on people’s decision

Question 22

defining-attribute view

Answer 22

any concept can be identified by its defining attributes; semantic network model

Question 23

desirable difficulties

Answer 23

struggling to learn new information generally promotes better long-term retention of that info

Question 24

Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Theory

Answer 24

all information in the unattended ear is processed on the basis of meaning, but only relevant info gets into conscious awareness (i.e., only the most important stimuli are selected for further processing)

Question 25

dichotic listening task

Answer 25

a task in which participants in an experiment are presented with two messages simultaneously, one to each ear, and are instructed to repeat back the words from only one of them

Question 26

emotion regulation

Answer 26

processes by which individuals use memory recall to change their current affective state when motivated to do so; important function of autobiographical memory retrieval

Question 27

episodic buffer

Answer 27

limited capacity temporary storage system that is capable of integrating info from a variety of sources; new addition to Baddeley model

Question 28

hindsight bias

Answer 28

tendency to overestimate one’s ability to predict an outcome

Question 29

information-processing capacity

Answer 29

suggests that mood states may influence processing style because they take up scarce processing capacity

Question 30

interference hypothesis

Answer 30

competition from other memories blocks retrieval of a target memory

Question 31

judgment

Answer 31

ability to infer, estimate, and predict the character of unknown events

Question 32

mood-congruent memory

Answer 32

people are more likely to remember info that is congruent with their own mood state when they learned the material; bias toward learning info that matches mood

Question 33

mood-dependent memory

Answer 33

better recall when person’s mood at test matches their mood at learning

Question 34

mood maintenance-mood repair hypothesis

Answer 34

those in a positive mood may be motivated to maintain this rewarding state by avoiding effortful activity; negative mood should motivate people to engage in more effortful processing to relieve that aversive state

Question 35

negative transfer

Answer 35

learning of the first material can impede learning of the second material (e.g. when switching from a manual to an automatic car you need to unlearn automatic behaviors)

Question 36

network

Answer 36

an interrelated set of concepts representing a body of knowledge; semantic _____ model

Question 37

node

Answer 37

concept; a point or location in the network; semantic network model

Question 38

parallel distributed processing models

Answer 38

memory models that say we can process multiple units at a time and the brain uses multiple connections for one idea/fact; based on neuroscience

Question 39

pathways/links

Answer 39

connect info about the concepts and/or characteristics; semantic network model

Question 40

reconstructive memory

Answer 40

remember by combining elements from the original material with existing knowledge

Question 41

regression fallacy

Answer 41

ignoring regression to the mean (the more you test someone, the more they will regress to the mean); i.e. failing to account for natural fluctuations

Question 42

representativeness heuristic

Answer 42

we assess degree to which the object represents (or is similar to) our basic idea (stereotype/prototype) of that object

Question 43

Ribot gradient

Answer 43

a pattern of retrograde memory loss in which recently acquired memories are more prone to disruption than older memories

Question 44

schema

Answer 44

mental framework for organizing knowledge

Question 45

script

Answer 45

event schemata; has a particular order associated with it (e.g. what to do when you go to a restaurant)

Question 46

semantic priming

Answer 46

A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.

Question 47

spreading activation model

Answer 47

has basic idea of semantic network model but added semantic distance as an organizing principle and added concept of spreading activation (i.e., activating a node/neuron spreads to activating nearby nodes/neurons)

Question 48

state-dependent memory

Answer 48

better recall when the person’s state at test matches their state at learning (e.g. drunk or sober)

Question 49

Treisman’s Attenuated Filter Theory

Answer 49

filter weakens rather than eliminates the unattended material; people can still process the meanings of attended and unattended messages

Question 50

Tulving multiple memory system

Answer 50

divides LTM into semantic memory, episodic memory, procedural memory

Question 51

types of attention

Answer 51

habituation, selective, divided, sustained

Question 52

working self

Answer 52

contains information about self-concept and long/short-term goals that are actively being held in mind