Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

A form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event.

Question 2

Temporal contiguity & repeated pairings

Answer 2

Nearness in time (temporal contiguity) or space (spatial contiguity).

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

A cue that has some biological significance and that, in the absence of prior training, naturally evokes a response.

Question 4

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 4

The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Question 6

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 6

The trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that the CS predicts.

Question 7

Appetitive conditioning

Answer 7

Conditioning in which the US is a desirable event (such as food delivery).

Question 8

Aversive conditioning

Answer 8

Conditioning in which the US is a disagreeable event (such as a shock or an airpuff to the eye).

Question 9

Eyeblink conditioning

Answer 9

A classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an airpuff to the eye and the conditioned and unconditioned responses are eyeblinks.

Question 10

Conditioned compensatory response

Answer 10

an automatic response that the body and mind experience that is opposite of the effects of {alcohol, drugs, etc}

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment.

Question 12

Compound conditioning

Answer 12

Conditioning in which two or more cues are present together, usually simultaneously, forming a compound CS.

Question 13

Overshadowing

Answer 13

An effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength than does the less salient cue and is thus more strongly associated with the US.

Question 14

Blocking

Answer 14

A two-phase training paradigm in which prior conditioning with one cue (CS1 à US) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of the training (CS1 + CS2 à US).

Question 15

Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 15

posits that conditioning proceeds from pairing to pairing as a fixed proportion of the maximum amount of conditioning that can be achieved with the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 16

Prediction error

Answer 16

The difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred.

Question 17

Error-correction learning

Answer 17

Learning through trial and error to reduce the discrepancy (error) between what is predicted and what actually occurs.

Question 18

Associative weight

Answer 18

In the Rescorla–Wagner model of conditioning, a value representing the strength of association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 19

Latent inhibition

Answer 19

A conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a CS retards later learning of the CS–US association during acquisition training.

Question 20

US modulation theory

Answer 20

Any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed.

Question 21

Mackintosh CS modulation theory

Answer 21

Any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed.

Question 22

Preparatory response theory

Answer 22

refers to a theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US.

Question 23

Trial-level models

Answer 23

A theory of learning in which all the cues that occur during a trial and all the changes that result are considered a single event.

Question 24

Delay conditioning

Answer 24

A conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US and in which the CS co-terminates with the US.

Question 25

Trace conditioning

Answer 25

A conditioning procedure in which there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US.

Question 26

Tolerance

Answer 26

A decrease in reaction to a drug such that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect.