Classical Conditioning Flashcards
Classical conditioning
A form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event.
Temporal contiguity & repeated pairings
Nearness in time (temporal contiguity) or space (spatial contiguity).
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A cue that has some biological significance and that, in the absence of prior training, naturally evokes a response.
Unconditioned response (UR)
The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR).
Conditioned Response (CR)
The trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that the CS predicts.
Appetitive conditioning
Conditioning in which the US is a desirable event (such as food delivery).
Aversive conditioning
Conditioning in which the US is a disagreeable event (such as a shock or an airpuff to the eye).
Eyeblink conditioning
A classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an airpuff to the eye and the conditioned and unconditioned responses are eyeblinks.
Conditioned compensatory response
an automatic response that the body and mind experience that is opposite of the effects of {alcohol, drugs, etc}
Extinction
The process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment.
Compound conditioning
Conditioning in which two or more cues are present together, usually simultaneously, forming a compound CS.
Overshadowing
An effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength than does the less salient cue and is thus more strongly associated with the US.
Blocking
A two-phase training paradigm in which prior conditioning with one cue (CS1 à US) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of the training (CS1 + CS2 à US).
Rescorla-Wagner Model
posits that conditioning proceeds from pairing to pairing as a fixed proportion of the maximum amount of conditioning that can be achieved with the unconditioned stimulus (US)
Prediction error
The difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred.
Error-correction learning
Learning through trial and error to reduce the discrepancy (error) between what is predicted and what actually occurs.
Associative weight
In the Rescorla–Wagner model of conditioning, a value representing the strength of association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US).
Latent inhibition
A conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a CS retards later learning of the CS–US association during acquisition training.
US modulation theory
Any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed.
Mackintosh CS modulation theory
Any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed.
Preparatory response theory
refers to a theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US.
Trial-level models
A theory of learning in which all the cues that occur during a trial and all the changes that result are considered a single event.
Delay conditioning
A conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US and in which the CS co-terminates with the US.
Trace conditioning
A conditioning procedure in which there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US.
Tolerance
A decrease in reaction to a drug such that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect.
