Exam 2 Study Flashcards
What is the definition of consciousness
states of awareness of our world and ourselves
What are the 3 primary states of consciousness
Awake (conscious processes)
Preconscious (divided attention-less focus)
Unconscious (without awareness)
Whats the difference between daydreaming and fantasizing
anytime you shift away from what you are doing - fantisizing - wish fulfillment
What are psychotic hallucinations
naturally occurring distorted perception without external cause - brain needs to be stimulated and will make shit up
What are the 6 main drug categories
Stimulants/antidepressants Depressants Narcotics Hallucinogens Inhalants Marijuana
What are the 4 main groups of brain activity
awake (beta waves)
Drowsy (Alpha waves 8-12 cps)
NREM
REM
What are the stages of NREM sleep
Stage 1 - Theta wave
Stage 2 - Sleep Spindles
Stage 3/4 - Delta waves
Describe NREM Stage 1
Transition stage
Theta Waves 3-7 cps
lasts 8-10 minutes
sleep talking
Describe NREM Stage 2
Asleep
Sleep Spindles (spikes)
12-14 cps
1/2 night spent in stage 2
Describe stage 3/4
Delta Waves
Deep restful sleep
1-2 cps
bed wetting, sleep walking, night terrors
What is the mnemonic for wave types
B.A.T.S.D
How long to get down to stage 3/4
30-45 minutes
When is first rem cycle?
60-90 minutes after sleep starts
What happens in rem sleep
Random fast waves Aroused brain , hard to wake up body essentially paralyzed jerks/twitches autonomic storms dreams occur
what are the two theories on the purpose of sleep?
restorative theory
adaptive non-responding theory
What is classical conditioning?
US (unconditioned stimulus)
UR (unconditioned response)
CS (conditioned stimulus)
CR (conditioned response)
What is operant conditioning?
S(d) - Discriminative Stimulus (alarm clock)
R - response (hit snooze)
S - consequence (result of action/behavior)
Consequence is a stimulus itself
What are the 5 features of Classical conditioning
Timing (~1/2 second between CS and US)
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization/Descrimination (similar CS)
Higher Order (second order) - multiple CS’s
What are the 4 consequences of behavior
S+ - positive reinforcement (+ reward)
S- - negative reinforcement (+ avoidance)
Sp - Punishment (- probability)
Se - Omission/Extinction (- probability)
What are the features of operant conditioning?
Timing - reward/punishment must be immediate
Shaping - baby steps - reward each step on path to desired behavior
Generalization/Descrimination (similar S(d) or only specific S(d) cause Response
What are the 3 reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning?
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)
Partial Schedules
Interval Schedule
What is the continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)
R:S 1:1 Ratio
Reinforce every time proper response occurs
*Fast Extinction
What is a Partial Schedule?
Increases resistance to extinction
Ratio based on WORK
FR: - Fixed Ratio
VR: - Variable Ratio
What is an interval schedule?
Based on time
FI: - Fixed Interval (Salary / $per hour pay)
VI: - Variable Interval (hunting, self employed, eventual reward)
What are the 3 types of cognitive learning?
Insight (Kohler - a-ha! moments
Laternt (Tolman - learning through exposure no reward
Observational -(Bandura - learning by watching
What are the 3 things involved in memory?
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
What are the three boxes in the 3 box model?
Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
What is sensory memory?
brief holding bin
lasts about 1/2 second
Echos and icons
What is Short term memory
Working memory
about 30 seconds
rehearsal can keep the clock going
What is Millers Magical number?
7 +- 2 bits for storing things in STM
Can chunk to store bigger things
What are tuvings stoage systems as they relate to LTM
Episodic - personally experienced
Semantic - General facts/trivia/math/spelling
Procedural - skills and habits
what are the 5 retrieval methods
Recall (Rote) Recognition Cue Dependent State Dependent (emotions) TOT (retrieval confusion)
Why do we forget?
Decay Theory (ebbinhaus)
Interference - forward or backwards)
Motivated forgetting - Freud
Describe proactive and retroactive interference theory
Proactive - (fwd) old interferes with new
Retroactive -(back) new interferes with old
What 4 things can improve memory
Pay more attention (encoding)
Mnemonics
Over Learning (focused repitition)
SQ3R (survey, question, read, rewrite, recite)
