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Psychology 1100 > Exam 2 Study > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of consciousness

A

states of awareness of our world and ourselves

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2
Q

What are the 3 primary states of consciousness

A

Awake (conscious processes)
Preconscious (divided attention-less focus)
Unconscious (without awareness)

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3
Q

Whats the difference between daydreaming and fantasizing

A

anytime you shift away from what you are doing - fantisizing - wish fulfillment

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4
Q

What are psychotic hallucinations

A

naturally occurring distorted perception without external cause - brain needs to be stimulated and will make shit up

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5
Q

What are the 6 main drug categories

A 
Stimulants/antidepressants
Depressants
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Marijuana
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6
Q

What are the 4 main groups of brain activity

A

awake (beta waves)
Drowsy (Alpha waves 8-12 cps)
NREM
REM

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7
Q

What are the stages of NREM sleep

A

Stage 1 - Theta wave
Stage 2 - Sleep Spindles
Stage 3/4 - Delta waves

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8
Q

Describe NREM Stage 1

A

Transition stage
Theta Waves 3-7 cps
lasts 8-10 minutes
sleep talking

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9
Q

Describe NREM Stage 2

A

Asleep
Sleep Spindles (spikes)
12-14 cps
1/2 night spent in stage 2

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10
Q

Describe stage 3/4

A

Delta Waves
Deep restful sleep
1-2 cps
bed wetting, sleep walking, night terrors

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11
Q

What is the mnemonic for wave types

A

B.A.T.S.D

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12
Q

How long to get down to stage 3/4

A

30-45 minutes

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13
Q

When is first rem cycle?

A

60-90 minutes after sleep starts

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14
Q

What happens in rem sleep

A 
Random fast waves
Aroused brain , hard to wake up
body essentially paralyzed
jerks/twitches
autonomic storms
dreams occur
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15
Q

what are the two theories on the purpose of sleep?

A

restorative theory

adaptive non-responding theory

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16
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

US (unconditioned stimulus)
UR (unconditioned response)
CS (conditioned stimulus)
CR (conditioned response)

17
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

S(d) - Discriminative Stimulus (alarm clock)
R - response (hit snooze)
S - consequence (result of action/behavior)

Consequence is a stimulus itself

18
Q

What are the 5 features of Classical conditioning

A

Timing (~1/2 second between CS and US)
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization/Descrimination (similar CS)
Higher Order (second order) - multiple CS’s

19
Q

What are the 4 consequences of behavior

A

S+ - positive reinforcement (+ reward)
S- - negative reinforcement (+ avoidance)
Sp - Punishment (- probability)
Se - Omission/Extinction (- probability)

20
Q

What are the features of operant conditioning?

A

Timing - reward/punishment must be immediate
Shaping - baby steps - reward each step on path to desired behavior
Generalization/Descrimination (similar S(d) or only specific S(d) cause Response

21
Q

What are the 3 reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning?

A

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)
Partial Schedules
Interval Schedule

22
Q

What is the continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

A

R:S 1:1 Ratio
Reinforce every time proper response occurs
*Fast Extinction

23
Q

What is a Partial Schedule?

A

Increases resistance to extinction
Ratio based on WORK
FR: - Fixed Ratio
VR: - Variable Ratio

24
Q

What is an interval schedule?

A

Based on time
FI: - Fixed Interval (Salary / $per hour pay)
VI: - Variable Interval (hunting, self employed, eventual reward)

25
Q

What are the 3 types of cognitive learning?

A

Insight (Kohler - a-ha! moments
Laternt (Tolman - learning through exposure no reward
Observational -(Bandura - learning by watching

26
Q

What are the 3 things involved in memory?

A

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

27
Q

What are the three boxes in the 3 box model?

A

Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

28
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

brief holding bin
lasts about 1/2 second
Echos and icons

29
Q

What is Short term memory

A

Working memory
about 30 seconds
rehearsal can keep the clock going

30
Q

What is Millers Magical number?

A

7 +- 2 bits for storing things in STM

Can chunk to store bigger things

31
Q

What are tuvings stoage systems as they relate to LTM

A

Episodic - personally experienced
Semantic - General facts/trivia/math/spelling
Procedural - skills and habits

32
Q

what are the 5 retrieval methods

A 
Recall (Rote)
Recognition
Cue Dependent
State Dependent (emotions)
TOT (retrieval confusion)
33
Q

Why do we forget?

A

Decay Theory (ebbinhaus)
Interference - forward or backwards)
Motivated forgetting - Freud

34
Q

Describe proactive and retroactive interference theory

A

Proactive - (fwd) old interferes with new

Retroactive -(back) new interferes with old

35
Q

What 4 things can improve memory

A

Pay more attention (encoding)
Mnemonics
Over Learning (focused repitition)
SQ3R (survey, question, read, rewrite, recite)

Psychology 1100 (9 decks)

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