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Biology 196 > EXAM 2 STUDY > Flashcards

EXAM 2 STUDY Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

- Have chromosomes in a “nucleoid”, but no actual nucleus.

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2
Q

All cells have:

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Chromosomes; genetic material
  • Cytoplasm
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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Have organelles

- Have compartments

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4
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Phospholipids create bilayer barrier
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5
Q

Cystosol

A

Liquid portion of cytoplasm

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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Has double membrane (envelope)
  • Has nuclear pores
  • Contains chromatin (genetic material; DNA & Proteins{histones})
  • Houses nucleous (rRNA)
  • Is connected to ER
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7
Q

Nucleous

A
  • rRNA

- Creates ribosomes

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Responsible for making polypeptides
  • Composed of protein and rRNA
  • Can be free or fixed on rough ER
  • Created in nucleous
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9
Q

2 sizes of Ribosomes

A

70s- only in prokaryotic ribosomes

80s- in eukaryotic ribosomes

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10
Q

Functions of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  1. Synthesis: Proteins, carbs or lipids
  2. Storage: Synthesized molecules absorbed from cytosol.
  3. Transport: Vast membrane network, leave as VESICLES.
  4. Detoxification: Drugs/toxicants can be absorbed/neutralized by enzymes.
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11
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Houses ribosomes
  • Facilitates synthesis and folding of proteins
  • Attached to the nucleus
  • Proteins made in ER almost always leave the cell
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12
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Site of synthesis and storage of lipids
  • Site of synthesis/storage of glycogen (a GLU & a GLU)
  • Toxin breakdown (liver)
  • Internal storage site for ions (Ca2+ in muscles)
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13
Q

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

A

ENDO- GOING IN, EXO- GOING OUT

  • The process of vesicle budding and fusion can occur on any membrane
  • Receptor proteins guide the process.
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14
Q

Rough ER proccess

A
  1. Polypeptide synthesize by ribosome
  2. Polypeptide folds in protein and is modified
  3. Transport vesicles “bud” off
  4. Receptor proteins tell the cell where to go (Receptor proteins exist on surface of vesicles)
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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Flattened membranes
  • Used for storage, maturation, and shipping.
  • Comes in at CIS- Golgi
  • Leaves at TRANS-Golgi via secretory vesicles
  • Modifies and packages secretions for release by exocytosis (like hormones)
  • Renews or modifies the plasma membranes
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16
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Created by Golgi
  • Contain a battery of acid hydrolases
  • Recycling center
  • Autophagy
  • Destruction of pathogens
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17
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Specialized lysosomes
  • Bud off the ER instead of the Golgi
  • Breakdown of excess fatty acids or extremely large fatty acids
  • Breaks down and generates superoxide (H2O2)
  • Enzyme catalase quickly decompose peroxide to H2O and 0
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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • ACTIN Subunits / Microfilaments
  • KERATIN subunits / Intermediate filaments
  • TUBULIN subunits - Microtubules
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19
Q

Actin subunits

A
  • Microfilaments

- Provide a carpet layer beneath the plasma membrane

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20
Q

Keratin subunits

A
  • Intermediate filaments

- Provide structure and strenght

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21
Q

Tubulin subunits

A
  • Microtubules
  • Largest cytoskeleton element
  • Anchors and moves other organelles
  • Cell division
  • Chromosome duplication
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22
Q

Actin polymerization

A
  • Treadmilling
  • Polypeptides move from back to front
  • pseudopod movement occurs
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23
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Place in the cell where the microtubules come out

- Centrioles are composed of microtubules arranged in a bicycle spoke fashion

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24
Q

Cilia

A
  • Found on the outside of the cell
  • Mobile organelles composed of 9+2 microtubules
  • Used to facilitate the movement of materials along a cell surface
  • Can propel cells
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25
Q

Flagella

A
  • Rings of microtubules on inside
  • Similar to cilia, used for movement
  • Bigger than cilia
  • Sperm
26
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Structure on outside, no tubules inside
  • Increases SA of the cell membrane
  • Important to cells to absorb or respond to materials in extracellular fluid.
27
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Outside and inside membrane double membrane
  • Folds = Cristae (Increases SA)
  • Responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration
28
Q

Plant cells

A
  • Peroxisomes
  • Chloroplast : Photosynthesis
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondira
  • Cell wall; cellulose
  • Vacuole
29
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Water inside
  • Multifunctional, species specific.
  • Most common in plants, found in fungi and animals
  • Large- up to 80% cell volume
  • Stores waste products and toxins
30
Q

Thermodynamics Law 1

A

The conservation of energy:

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed

31
Q

Calorie

A

1 cal = the energy required to warm 1 g of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C

32
Q

Enthalpy

A
  • A change in the amount of heat in a system
33
Q

Thermodynamics Law 2

A

The law of thermodynamic disorder:

  • In every physical or chemical change, the universe always tends toward more disorder/random.
  • Changes in energy are not 100% efficient.
34
Q

Entropy

A
  • Measurement of disorder

- Becomes smaller and more spread out

35
Q

Degree of change

A
  • “Free energy” (DG) is proportional to the change in total energy (DH) and entropy (DS)
  • DG = DH - TDS (T= temp)
36
Q

Gibb’s Free Energy

A
  • Negative DG for a reaction means spontaneous

- Positive DG for a reaction means not spontaneous

37
Q

Exergonic reaction

A
  • Spontaneous reactions with a negative DG (-DG)
  • Can perform work; cause change
  • Releases energy
  • Example: hydrolysis
38
Q

Endergonic

A
  • Reactions that increase the free energy
  • Synthesizing reactions are an example
  • Building takes energy
39
Q

Spontaneous Reaction

A
  • Can occur without a net input

- Amount of free energy will always be greater in the reactants.

40
Q

Nonspontaneous reaction

A
  • Free energy is greater in the products
41
Q

Equilibrium

A

Has DG of zero and cannot cause change

42
Q

Catalysts

A
  • lowers barriers (activation energy)
43
Q

Activation energy

A
  • barrier
44
Q

Enzymes

A
  • catalysts
  • lower activation energy barrier
  • make reactions happen faster
45
Q

How to molecules encounter other molecules?

A
  • randomly through thermal motion
46
Q

When you have more products, the rate of the reaction

A
  • Will go down
47
Q

More reactants =

A

Rate of reaction will go up

48
Q

Transition state

A
  • Reaction is at its highest energy (DG)

- Most unstable

49
Q

Coupling reactions

A

ATP —-> ADP + P1 = -DG

  • Hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate yields ADP & P1 which releases free energy
  • The exergonic process of ATP hydrolysis drives endergonic reactions by transfer of a phosphate group to specific reactions, forming a PHOSPHORYLATED INTERMEDIATE that is more reactive.
  • Overall (DG) is negative; when together the reactions are spontaneous
50
Q

Substrate concentration

A
  • If increased, rate of reaction goes up
  • Evens @ Vmax
  • Has a positive effect on the rate of catalyzed reaction
51
Q

Allosteric inhibitor

A
  • Bind to specific regulatory sites

- Changes the shape and function of enzyme

52
Q

Feedback signaling

A
  • The end product of a metabolic pathway, alloseterically inhibits the enzyme for a previous step in the pathway.
  • Regulates
53
Q

Phosphoanhydride bonds

A
  • High energy bonds

- Bonds that link phosphate groups

54
Q

Purines

A
  • 2 rings
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
55
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • 1 ring
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
56
Q

Nitrogenous bases for DNA

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
57
Q

Nitrogenous bases for RNA

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
58
Q

RNA Sugar

A
  • Ribose

- OH at 2’

59
Q

DNA Sugar

A
  • Deoxyribose

- OH ALWAYS at 3’

60
Q

Polynucleotides

A
  • Hydrolysis synth

- Phosphodiester linkages

61
Q

Nucleic acid directions

A
  • 3’ will ALWAYS have OH (hydroxyl)
  • 5’ will ALWAYS have PO3 (phosphate)
  • Can only build onto 3’ end

Biology 196 (7 decks)

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