Chapter 4- Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Question 1

saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 1

hydrocarbon chains that contain the max # of hydrogen’s and has NO CARBON DOUBLE BOND (C=C)

Question 2

unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

hydrocarbon chains that have a carbon double bond. (C=C)

Question 3

polyunsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 3

hydrocarbon chains with more than one unsaturated bond.

Question 4

isomers

Answer 4

three types:

• structural isomer
• geometric isomer
• optical isomer/ enantiomers

Question 5

structural isomers

Answer 5

same chemical formulas, different structures

Question 6

geometric isomers

Answer 6

when an organic molecule HAS A DOUBLE BOND between carbons (C=C)- it does not allow for rotation around the bond.
Cl Cl
C = C - cis isomer
H H

H Cl
C=C - trans isomer
Cl H

Question 7

optical isomers

Answer 7

When C is bound to 4 dissimilar atoms or groups in a nonplanar configuration. It results in 2 asymmetrical chiral structures.

Question 8

chiral structure

Answer 8

Carbon with 4 different atoms

Question 9

racemic mixture

Answer 9

enantiomers that are both active

Question 10

Functional groups

Answer 10

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

• hydroxyl
• aldehyde
• ketone
• carboxyl
• carbonyl
• amine
• amide
• phosphate
• sulfhydryl

Question 11

hydroxyl

Answer 11

• alcohol
• OH
• soluble in water

Question 12

carboxyl

Answer 12

• COOH
• acidic
• type of carbonyl

Question 13

aldehyde

Answer 13

• COH
• has a double bond on the C and O
• type of carbonyl

Question 14

ketone

Answer 14

• C = O

- type of carbonyl

Question 15

carbonyl

Answer 15

• C= O

- C and O with a double bond

Question 16

amine

Answer 16

• NH2
• basic: accepts a hydrogen ion and acquires a charge of 1+.
• amino

Question 17

amide

Answer 17

• CONH2

Question 18

phosphate

Answer 18

3-
- PO
      4
- DNA, RNA
- acidic
- used to transfer energy

Question 19

sulfhydryl

Answer 19

• SH

- triol

Question 20

acidic functional groups

Answer 20

• carboxyl

- phosphate

Question 21

basic function groups

Answer 21

• amine

Question 22

enantiomer

Answer 22

one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

Question 23

methyl group

Answer 23

• a chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
• may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom