Exam 2 Spring 2017 Flashcards
What are other names for size reduction?
- comminution
- micronization
What are examples of small scale size reduction?
- mortar and pestle
- levigation (semi-solid dosage forms)
- ball milling
What are examples of large scale size reduction?
- hammer mill
- fitzmill
- airject mill (attrition)
Properties of ball milling
- batch process
- capacity of 100g to a few kg (maybe 5)
- reduces size to 50microm
What are factors that influence ball milling?
- # of balls
- rotation speed
- mass of powder
- length of milling time
Properties of hammer milling
- continuous process
- reduce size to 50microm
What are factors that influence hammer milling?
- feed rates
- milling speed
- screen size
Properties of Fitzmill
- like hammer mill
What are factors that influence Fitzmill?
- speed
Properties of air jet milling
- continuous process
- opposing air jets that operate at 100psig
- reduce particle size to 1-5microm (DPI)
What are factors that influence air jet milling?
- pressure
- velocity
What is another name for air jet milling?
attrition
What are the appropriate methods for different sizes particles?
- 1-40microm definitely air jet mill
- 40 and above, can use all the other techniques
The most common procedure for mixing is tumbling but there are some limitations to that. What are they?
- powder segregation
- sifting or percolation
- air entrapment (fluidization)
- particle entrapment (dusting)
What are the different types of blends?
- segregated mixture
- perfect mixture
- random mixture
What are the different types of mixers/blenders and what would you use them for?
- Dry ingredients: V-mixer, double cone, rotating cube
- Liquid ingredients: ribbon blender
What are the purposes of size enlargement?
- to make materials free-flowing
- to prepare uniform mixtures that don’t separate
- improve compression characteristics of the drug
- improve appearance of dosage form
What are the different size enlargement methods?
- dry granulation
- wet granulation
- spray drying
Describe dry granulation
- usually used when one of your ingredients may be composed of water (lec 2-6 @ 35:20)
- used for powders that are sensitive to moisture
- powder is condensed into a sheet or tablet-like block
Describe wet granulation
- used for moist powders
- spray powder with a liquid binder, liquid bridges formed, solid bridges formed, snowball structure formed
Describe spray drying
- droplets formed and compressed air comes together and forms particles, goes in a chamber where liquid is dried out
What are the different types of capsules?
- Gelatin
- Methyl cellulose (HPMC) [best to use in DPI]
- Calcium alginate
- DRcaps™ Gastro Resistant Capsules
What are the steps for gelatin manufacturing?
- Derived from skin or bone
- Acid or alkali treatment
- Extended treatment periods
- Filter
- Vacuum concentration
- Cool to solidify
- Air dry
- Mill to size
How can capsules be closed?
- welded with heated metal pin
- bonded with molten gelatin
- snap fit
- coni-snap
Properties of soft gelatin capsules
- Shells of gelatin, glycerin or sorbitol added to induce plasticity
- Oblong, elliptical or spherical shape
- Used to encapsulate liquids, suspensions, pastes or dry powders
- Must be prepared filled and sealed in one continuous operation
What are the ways in which you can manufacture soft gelatin capsules?
- plate process
- die process
What does the die process consists of?
- a process which to manufacture soft gelatin capsules
- rotary process
- reciprocating process
What is the plate process?
- a process which to manufacture soft gelatin capsules
- molds
What types of formula is suitable for soft gelatin capsules?
- Water immiscible, volatile and nonvolatile liquids
- Oily, non-volatile liquids
- Not suitable for low molecular weight compounds that can easily pass through the capsule
What are the different types of coating for coated tablets?
- Sugar
- Film (make tablet more sturdy)
- Gelatin
- Enteric
What are the types of specialized tablets?
- chewable
- effervescent
- CR, ER
- sublingual
- buccal
What are the essential ingredients for tablets?
- diluent
- binder
- lubricant
Why would any ingredient be essential to tablets?
give the formula specific characteristics needed to be compressed
What are the ingredients to give tablets desirable characteristics?
- disintegrant
- color
- flavor
- sweetening agent
What is the purpose of a glidant?
- needed for formulations with poor flow
- not needed if lubricant is enough for flow
- improves flow characteristics of powder mixture