Exam 2 Spine anatomy

Question 1

What nerves control the diaphragm?

Answer 1

C3, C4, C5

Question 2

Which spinous processes bi-fork?

Answer 2

C-2 thru C-5

Question 3

What is the Vertebra Prominens?

Answer 3

C-7’s spinous process

Question 4

What do Vertebral arteries pass thru in the cervical section?

Answer 4

Transverse foramen

Question 5

Why are the Transverse process in the neck are U-shaped?

Answer 5

to house spinal nerves

Question 6

C-1 Atlas Info

Answer 6

• No process & no body but has Anterior arch
• No intervertebral disc between C-1 & C-2
• Anterior tubercle
• Superior articular facets hold base of skull connect to Occipital condyles
• Posterior arch
• Posterior tubercle
• Inferior articular process connects to C-2
• Facet for dens connects to Dens of C-2

Question 7

How does C-2 connect to C-1?

Answer 7

Anterior articular facet connects to posterior side of the anterior arch of C-1

Question 8

What are interlaminar foramen?

Answer 8

• Posterior openings underneath spinous processes & lamina
• Opens up more with leaning forward

Question 9

Spinal ligaments are made of?

Answer 9

collagen

Question 10

Ligamentum flava composed of?
Connects what?
Where is it present?

Answer 10

• Like thick rubber band. Very stretchy due to Elastin
• Connects vertebral arches
• Runs inside the vertebral arch (U-shaped)

Question 11

What runs the entire length of spine & is used as structural reinforcement?

Answer 11

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 12

Posterior longitudinal ligament is where?

Answer 12

Runs inside of vertebral bodies

Question 13

What sits on top of spinous processes?

Answer 13

Supraspinous ligament

Question 14

What connects each spinous processes

Answer 14

Interspinous ligaments

Question 15

Intertransverse ligaments connect?

Answer 15

connect tips of transverse processes

Question 16

Spinal Block goes thru? (in order)

Answer 16

Thru Supraspinous ligament then interspinous ligament then ligamentum flava

Question 17

Why is posterior thoracic access difficult?

Answer 17

Fairly large spinous processes angling inferior.

Question 18

Why are there flat spots on the thoracic bodies?

Answer 18

Left side due to aorta

Question 19

What are the posterior rib connections?

Answer 19

superior & inferior costal facets or to costal facets of transverse processes

Question 20

What makes up the sternal angle?

Answer 20

Rib2 connects to manubrium & body.

Question 21

Which ribs have direct contact to sternum?

Answer 21

Ribs 3-7

Question 22

What are false ribs?

Answer 22

Ribs 8-10. connect indirectly to sternum vvia cartilage.

Question 23

Floating ribs are

Answer 23

Ribs 11-12

Question 24

Which bodies are oval?

Answer 24

Lumbar

Question 25

Where are the largest processes?

Answer 25

Lumbar

Question 26

Spinal nerves exit through the?

Answer 26

Intervertebral foramen also called intervertebral pedicles

Question 27

On what structure does L-5 sit?

Answer 27

Sacrum Promontory

Question 28

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 28

L-1. - Below that will be roots but no core.

Question 29

CSF punctures best done where?

Answer 29

Below L-1/L-2= Less chance of injury. But CSF might be a bit older.

Question 30

Sacrum connects to Lumbar spine where?

Answer 30

Superior articular process connects to inferior articular facet of L-5

Question 31

What are the Transverse lines

Answer 31

where the Sacrum fused together.

Question 32

What cavities are above & below the sacral promontory?

Answer 32

- Above Promontory is the abdominal cavity - Below the Promontory is the pelvic cavity

Question 33

Sacral canal comes into existence how?

Answer 33

Results from fusion of vertebral foramen.

Question 34

Where are most sacral spinal nerves?

Answer 34

Sacral canal holds spinal nerves

Question 35

What are Sacral foramina?

Answer 35

- Anterior larger nerves exit - Posterior smaller nerves exit there

Question 36

The fusion of spinous processes results in?

Answer 36

Median sacral crest

Question 37

Fusion of transverse processes results in?

Answer 37

Lateral sacral crests (L & R)

Question 37

Fusion of transverse processes results in?

Answer 37

Lateral sacral crests (L & R)

Question 38

Fusion of superior & inferior articular processes results in?

Answer 38

Medial sacral crests

Question 39

Coccyx formed from & info?

Answer 39

- Fusion of coccygeal vertebrae. - C-1 stays on its own - C-2 – C-4 fuse to form coccygeal vertebrae #2

Question 40

Iliac crest landmark?

Answer 40

Most superior part

Question 41

Easy way to find L-4's body?

Answer 41

Line drawn from L to R iliac crest will be L-4 body

Question 42

What are next to the pubic symphysis?

Answer 42

Pubic tubercles= 1 on each side of the pubic symphysis

Question 43

Inguinal ligament connects?

Answer 43

Anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle.

Question 44

What is inferior to the inguinal ligament?

Answer 44

Femoral artery & vein.

Question 45

Iliolumbar ligament connects

Answer 45

L-4 transverse processes to top of sacrum

Question 46

Posterior sacrococcygeal connects?

Answer 46

Posterior superior iliac spine to sacrum

Question 47

What covers intervertebral surfaces?

Answer 47

Hyaline cartilage end plate

Question 48

What envelops the Nucelus pulposus?

Answer 48

Annulus fibrosis

Question 48

What envelops the Nucelus pulposus?

Answer 48

Annulus fibrosis

Question 49

What gives flexibility & shock absorption

Answer 49

Nucleus puposus

Question 50

What gives flexibility & shock absorption

Answer 50

Nucleus puposus

Question 51

Crossing fibers are there for & found where?

Answer 51

- give great amount of stability - more in the front compared to posterior.

Question 52

Rupture or bulging disc happens where & treatment options?

Answer 52

- Most likely towards rear or side. Treatment: - Remove some bone. - Excise herniation - Rods if instability --> reduces tension. - Fusions: over time puts more stress on discs superior & inferior to fusion.

Question 53

How many spinal veins are there?

Answer 53

Anterior=1 Posterior= 3

Question 54

An afferent signal is send thru what part of the spinal cord?

Answer 54

Dorsal horn