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A&P (Fall 2022) > Exam 2: CNS Circulatory System Meninges > Flashcards

Exam 2: CNS Circulatory System Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Tentorium cerebelli?

A

A shelf/barrier for occipital & cerebellum

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2
Q

What is the average brain mass?

A

1350g

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3
Q

What is the average blood flow to the brain?

A

50cc for every 100g of brain mass= ~700cc/min

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4
Q

What separates the Left & Right hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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5
Q

What gives the arachnoid structure?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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6
Q

What cranial meninge is the toughest & holds everything together?

A

Dura layer

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7
Q

Besides its major function, what does the CSF also serve as in the cranium?

A

Preserves brain integrity from blows to the head

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8
Q

What produces CSF & at what rate /day?

A

Ependymal cells produce CSF & produce 450cc/day.

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9
Q

How much CSF is circulating at any given time?

A

150cc

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10
Q

When is most CSF produced?

A

During sleep

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11
Q

The lateral ventricles empty into what & by what structure?

A

Into the 3rd ventricle via the Interventricular foramen

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12
Q

What is another name for the interventricular foramen?

A

Foramen of Monroe

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13
Q

Which ventricle sits right next to the hypothalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

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14
Q

How does the 3rd ventricle connect to the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

What structures does the Cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

3rd & 4th ventricle

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16
Q

What is another name for the Cerebral aqueduct?

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

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17
Q

The 4th ventricle sits anterior to what major structure?

A

The cerebellum

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18
Q

Where does CSF go to when it exits the Median aperture?

A

Around the cerebellum

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19
Q

What are the CSF exit points from the 4th ventricle called?

A

Central canal, Median aperture, & 2 Lateral apertures

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20
Q

What structures does the Central canal supply?

A

The core structures

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21
Q

What is another name for the Median aperture?

A

Aqueduct of McGendie

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22
Q

Where is CSF turnover the least?

A

In the lower back & Dural sac around L-1

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23
Q

Where do the 2 lateral apertures drain into?

A

Front of brainstem & then superior

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24
Q

What are the openings of the Lateral apertures called?

A

Foramen of Luschka

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25
Q

What is the most common choke/occlusion point in the cranial meninges?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

26
Q

What causes non-communicating hydrocephalus & which structures are affected?

A

Blockage in the cerebral aqueduct. The 3rd and the lateral ventricles would be affected & would become enlarged

27
Q

What is a normal ICP?

A

5-10

28
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

The Choroid Plexii via Sodium influx to Ependymal cells, Chloride follows which draws water (Ion pumps).

29
Q

What structures are responsible for CSF production?

A

Choroid Plexii

30
Q

What is the CSF blow off valves called & when are they activated?

A

Arachnoid granulations & at 10cm of water of ICP

31
Q

Where does most CSF drain into & through what?

A

Into venous system in the cranium through Arachnoid granulations

32
Q

What would cause communicating hydrocephalus & why is it called that way?

A

Blockage of all or most Arachnoid granulations causing an increase in pressure everywhere. Called because the connections between ventricles are not obstructed.

33
Q

What area does the Median aperture drain into?

A

Cisterna magna

34
Q

Besides lumbar puncture what is another access point to retrieve CSF?

A

Cisterna magna

35
Q

What is the pH of CSF?

A

7.31 – 7.32

36
Q

What are CSF’s Ion concentrations for Na+, Cl-, K+, glucose, pCO2, HCO3? (some have an actual value & some compare to plasma)

A

Na+= same as plasma
Cl-= +15% than plasma
K+= -40% of plasma
Glucose= 60
pCO2= 47
HCO3= 2 < plasma

36
Q

What are CSF’s Ion concentrations for Na+, Cl-, K+, glucose, pCO2, HCO3? (some have an actual value & some compare to plasma)

A

Na+= same as plasma
Cl-= +15% than plasma
K+= -40% of plasma
Glucose= 60
pCO2= 47
HCO3= 2 < plasma

37
Q

How does the brain get glucose?

A

Relies on concentration gradient

38
Q

What are the two things the brain does not store?

A

Glucose & oxygen

39
Q

Name the 5 Glial cells?

A

Ependymal, Schwann, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

40
Q

How does CSF move around the system?

A

Via passive movement

41
Q

Cerebral blood flow is determined by what?

A

Metabolism in the brain

42
Q

What are the byproducts from brain metabolism?

A

CO2, Adenosine, O2, H+

43
Q

What is the Autoregulation range (MAP) for CBF(Cerebral blood flow)?

A

MAP of 60 to 150

44
Q

Does cerebral blood flow go up or down when MAP is >150?

A

Goes up

45
Q

What mechanism prevents too much cerebral blood flow when MAP increases?

A

Myogenic constriction, CBF vessels constrict

46
Q

What happens autoregulation in someone with HTN?

A

The Lower Limits of Autoregulation & ULA shift. Preventing under & over perfusion.

47
Q

What is a problem for someone with a long history of HTN having a big drop in MAP?

A

The cerebral vessels can only dilate so much.

48
Q

How do you calculate Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?

A

MAP minus ICP

49
Q

What is the Normal Cardiac output?

A

5L/min

50
Q

What average percentage of cardiac output is used for cerebral blood flow?

A

12-15%

51
Q

What two categories of work does the CNS fall into & their % of overall use?

A

Electrophysiology 60% & Homeostasis 40%

52
Q

What work does the Electrophysiology system do?

A

Conduct action potentials, resetting cells, maintain RMP, neurotransmitter recycling, Ion transport.

53
Q

What work does the Homeostasis system do?

A

Repair worn out proteins, organelles, cell wall rebuild, lipid repair.

54
Q

Anesthetics will reduce function of the __________ brain system.

A

Electrophysiology

55
Q

What 2 anesthetics will not affect the Electrophysiology system?

A

Nitrous & Ketamine

56
Q

How does Ketamine work, it is what kind of drug?

A

It interrupts communication between parts of nervous system, it is a dissociative.

57
Q

What is the brain’s O2 demand formula?

A

3.5mL of O2 per 100g of brain mass per minute=
3.5mL x 100g

58
Q

How much O2 does the whole body use per minute?

A

250mL/min

59
Q

How much O2 does the average brain use per minute?

A

~50mL/min

A&P (Fall 2022) (12 decks)

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