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A&P (Fall 2022) > Exam 2: CNS Circulatory System Meninges > Flashcards

Exam 2: CNS Circulatory System Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Tentorium cerebelli?

A

A shelf/barrier for occipital & cerebellum

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2
Q

What is the average brain mass?

A

1350g

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3
Q

What is the average blood flow to the brain?

A

50cc for every 100g of brain mass= ~700cc/min

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4
Q

What separates the Left & Right hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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5
Q

What gives the arachnoid structure?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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6
Q

What cranial meninge is the toughest & holds everything together?

A

Dura layer

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7
Q

Besides its major function, what does the CSF also serve as in the cranium?

A

Preserves brain integrity from blows to the head

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8
Q

What produces CSF & at what rate /day?

A

Ependymal cells produce CSF & produce 450cc/day.

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9
Q

How much CSF is circulating at any given time?

A

150cc

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10
Q

When is most CSF produced?

A

During sleep

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11
Q

The lateral ventricles empty into what & by what structure?

A

Into the 3rd ventricle via the Interventricular foramen

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12
Q

What is another name for the interventricular foramen?

A

Foramen of Monroe

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13
Q

Which ventricle sits right next to the hypothalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

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14
Q

How does the 3rd ventricle connect to the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

What structures does the Cerebral aqueduct connect?

A

3rd & 4th ventricle

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16
Q

What is another name for the Cerebral aqueduct?

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

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17
Q

The 4th ventricle sits anterior to what major structure?

A

The cerebellum

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18
Q

Where does CSF go to when it exits the Median aperture?

A

Around the cerebellum

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19
Q

What are the CSF exit points from the 4th ventricle called?

A

Central canal, Median aperture, & 2 Lateral apertures

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20
Q

What structures does the Central canal supply?

A

The core structures

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21
Q

What is another name for the Median aperture?

A

Aqueduct of McGendie

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22
Q

Where is CSF turnover the least?

A

In the lower back & Dural sac around L-1

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23
Q

Where do the 2 lateral apertures drain into?

A

Front of brainstem & then superior

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24
Q

What are the openings of the Lateral apertures called?

A

Foramen of Luschka

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25
What is the most common choke/occlusion point in the cranial meninges?
Cerebral aqueduct
26
What causes non-communicating hydrocephalus & which structures are affected?
Blockage in the cerebral aqueduct. The 3rd and the lateral ventricles would be affected & would become enlarged
27
What is a normal ICP?
5-10
28
How is CSF produced?
The Choroid Plexii via Sodium influx to Ependymal cells, Chloride follows which draws water (Ion pumps).
29
What structures are responsible for CSF production?
Choroid Plexii
30
What is the CSF blow off valves called & when are they activated?
Arachnoid granulations & at 10cm of water of ICP
31
Where does most CSF drain into & through what?
Into venous system in the cranium through Arachnoid granulations
32
What would cause communicating hydrocephalus & why is it called that way?
Blockage of all or most Arachnoid granulations causing an increase in pressure everywhere. Called because the connections between ventricles are not obstructed.
33
What area does the Median aperture drain into?
Cisterna magna
34
Besides lumbar puncture what is another access point to retrieve CSF?
Cisterna magna
35
What is the pH of CSF?
7.31 – 7.32
36
What are CSF’s Ion concentrations for Na+, Cl-, K+, glucose, pCO2, HCO3? (some have an actual value & some compare to plasma)
Na+= same as plasma Cl-= +15% than plasma K+= -40% of plasma Glucose= 60 pCO2= 47 HCO3= 2 < plasma
36
What are CSF’s Ion concentrations for Na+, Cl-, K+, glucose, pCO2, HCO3? (some have an actual value & some compare to plasma)
Na+= same as plasma Cl-= +15% than plasma K+= -40% of plasma Glucose= 60 pCO2= 47 HCO3= 2 < plasma
37
How does the brain get glucose?
Relies on concentration gradient
38
What are the two things the brain does not store?
Glucose & oxygen
39
Name the 5 Glial cells?
Ependymal, Schwann, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes
40
How does CSF move around the system?
Via passive movement
41
Cerebral blood flow is determined by what?
Metabolism in the brain
42
What are the byproducts from brain metabolism?
CO2, Adenosine, O2, H+
43
What is the Autoregulation range (MAP) for CBF(Cerebral blood flow)?
MAP of 60 to 150
44
Does cerebral blood flow go up or down when MAP is >150?
Goes up
45
What mechanism prevents too much cerebral blood flow when MAP increases?
Myogenic constriction, CBF vessels constrict
46
What happens autoregulation in someone with HTN?
The Lower Limits of Autoregulation & ULA shift. Preventing under & over perfusion.
47
What is a problem for someone with a long history of HTN having a big drop in MAP?
The cerebral vessels can only dilate so much.
48
How do you calculate Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?
MAP minus ICP
49
What is the Normal Cardiac output?
5L/min
50
What average percentage of cardiac output is used for cerebral blood flow?
12-15%
51
What two categories of work does the CNS fall into & their % of overall use?
Electrophysiology 60% & Homeostasis 40%
52
What work does the Electrophysiology system do?
Conduct action potentials, resetting cells, maintain RMP, neurotransmitter recycling, Ion transport.
53
What work does the Homeostasis system do?
Repair worn out proteins, organelles, cell wall rebuild, lipid repair.
54
Anesthetics will reduce function of the __________ brain system.
Electrophysiology
55
What 2 anesthetics will not affect the Electrophysiology system?
Nitrous & Ketamine
56
How does Ketamine work, it is what kind of drug?
It interrupts communication between parts of nervous system, it is a dissociative.
57
What is the brain’s O2 demand formula?
3.5mL of O2 per 100g of brain mass per minute= 3.5mL x 100g
58
How much O2 does the whole body use per minute?
250mL/min
59
How much O2 does the average brain use per minute?
~50mL/min

A&P (Fall 2022) (12 decks)

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