Exam 1 extra stuff Flashcards
Soluble items
Proteins, Carbs, Gasses, Buffers, Drugs
Insoluble items
Cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids, drugs
What does magnesium do inside the cell?
- Slows things down
- Chemical co-factor to help complete or speed-u reactions
What is Simple Diffusion?
- Moving down concentration gradient
- Ion channel: Sodium moves down its concentration gradient.
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
- Need a carrier/transport protein. Conformation change –> moved into cell.
- No energy being consumed
What is Active Transport?
Pumps rely on energy (ATP)
What is Secondary Active Transport & Ion/Compound Echangers?
- 2 things pumped in same direction= Co-transport.
- 2 things pumped in opposite direction= Syn transport.
- Indirectly use ATP
Exchanger: - Sodium calcium exchanger: Ca++ does not want to leave cell.
- Takes 3 Na+ moving into cell to move 1 Ca++ out of cell due to gradient.
What is Phosphocreatinine used for?
- Used to replenish/augment ATP
- Able to be phosphorylated
- Short-term fix
Where is Calcium stored inside the cell?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What do Peroxisomes do? Where are they?
- Float in cytosol
- Use oxidative stress/oxidation & H2O2 to break things into pieces.
- Catalase: works on pathways that generate & regulate H2O2
- Ex: In liver to destroy ethanol into acid aldehyde
- Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
Can be used as a signaling compound. IP, IP2, IP3 (smooth muscle).
Phosphatidylserine (PS)
- Usually only found inside cell wall. If seen outside of cell then immune system will kill it. Is usually a signal of cell or tissue damage. Can also help ID bacteria.
- Flippase (an enzyme): checks for PS flipping
- Will not work if not enough ATP
- Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE):
Nervous system. Involved in protein folding.
- Phosphatidylcholine (PCh):
o Inside the cell wall as storage compound.
o Has a choline attached, could be used to make acetylcholine.
o Used at the Neuromuscular junction!
o ACh precursor
o Neurotransmitter
- Glycoproteins
o Proteins embedded in the membrane have sugars attached to them that stick p on the outside cell wall. Tend to have Negative charge. Many proteins are Negatively charged, it helps proteins in the ECF from sticking to cell wall.
- Glycocalyx
- The collection of both proteins & carbs on the outside of the cell. Make a Gel-like barrier.
- Negatively charged
- Facilitated diffusion:
o No energy being consumed.
o Need carrier/transport protein. Conformational change moved into cell.
- Sodium Potassium ATPase:
o For each cycle it uses 1 ATP leaving ADP, which finds another mitochondria to get another phosphate.
o 3Na+ moving out & 2K+ moving in simultaneously
o Pumping an extra + charged Ion out of cell making cell more Negative charge.
o If no ATP present to run pumps= bad
o Highest expenditures in the body
- Primary active Transport:
o Pump uses ATP directly across membrane against their gradient
- Depolarization
o Threshold is ~ -55mV
o Voltage-gated Na+ channel’s Activation gates (M-gates) open letting Na+ into cell
o Around +30mV Na+ channel’s Inactivation gates(H-gates) close
- Repolarization:
o Absolute Refractory Period
o Returning to resting membrane potential ~ -70mV
o +30mV will inactivate the Inactivation gates (M-gates) of Na+
o Voltage gated K+ channels are activated & lets K+ out of cell returning to ~ -90mV
o K+ channels are slower to close causing hyperpolarization
- Hyperpolarize
o Making a cell more negative to ~ -90mV
o Once at RMP the Na+ channel’s Inactivation gates open again & Activation Gates close
- Neuron Anatomy
o Soma: Controls upkeep of neuron
o Dendrites: Receiving end of neuron
o Axon: Sending part of neuron
o Axon Hillock: Important role in if a neuron can send an action potential
o Myelin: Insulation
o Presynaptic: Releases neurotransmitters
o Postsynaptic: Receives info
o Astrocytes:
BBB, most abundant
Regulate ionic composition of CSF
Neuron repair
Help with recycling neurotransmitters
Microglia:
CSF clean-up & CNS
Ependymal Cells:
- Produce CSF
- Located in all 4 ventricles
Peroxisomes
- Enzyme: Catalase
- Regulates H2O2 via Oxidative stress reactions
- Heavily present in the liver
Lysosomes
- Enzyme: Hydrolase
- Metabolic reaction: Hydrolysis adding H+ & OH group to break things apart
- Faster in acidic environment
- Can help digest food in GI system
Where is calcium stored intracellularly
Endoplastic reticulum
