Exam 2 Cranial Blood flow

Question 1

What are the 4 brain feed arteries?

Answer 1

2 vertebral arteries & 2 internal carotids

Question 2

Which artery is larger? The vertebral or internal carotid?

Answer 2

Internal carotid

Question 3

Which arteries run through the transverse foramen?

Answer 3

Vertebral arteries

Question 4

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

Answer 4

With the brainstem in the foramen magnum

Question 5

The vertebral arteries combine into _________ artery, which sits on top of the _____?

Answer 5

Basilar, PONS

Question 6

The Basilar artery splits to become the?

Answer 6

Posterior arteries

Question 7

What structure connects all parts of the brain’s blood supply?

Answer 7

Circle of Willis

Question 8

The ____ arteries perfuse the posterior brain & the _____ perfuse the anterior brain.

Answer 8

Vertebral & carotid

Question 9

The ICA’s become the ____ & perfuse the ___ of the brain?

Answer 9

Middle cerebral artery & middle

Question 10

The anterior cerebral artery branches of which artery?

Answer 10

The middle cerebral artery

Question 11

What is the purpose of the Circle of Willis?

Answer 11

Provide collateral flow when there are blockages in the main arteries

Question 12

What are the 2 parts of the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 12

Part A1 Pre-communicating art is before anterior communicating artery & Part A2 Post-communicating art is past the anterior communicating artery.

Question 13

____ & _____ are part of the Circle of Willis & ___ & ____ are extensions of the Circle of Willis.

Answer 13

A1 & P1 / A2 & P2

Question 14

How many communicating arteries & cerebral arteries are there?

Answer 14

3 & 3

Question 15

How many arteries are there for the cerebellum & their names?

Answer 15

Superior cerebellar artery, Anterior Inferior artery, & Posterior Inferior artery.

Question 16

How many arteries are there for the cerebellum & their names?

Answer 16

Superior cerebellar artery, Anterior Inferior artery, & Posterior Inferior artery.

Question 17

The superior cerebellar arteries branch of the ______, the Posterior Inferior arteries branch off the ___ & the Anterior Inferior arteries branch off the ___?

Answer 17

Basilar artery, Vertebral arteries, Basilar artery

Question 18

Having a stroke in the _____ cerebral artery would be the worst kind of stroke.

Answer 18

Middle cerebral artery

Question 19

What are a lot of cranial veins composed of & why?

Answer 19

Dura mater extensions. Are fibrous = more rigid.

Question 20

True or false. Most cranial veins do not have smooth muscle.

Answer 20

True Only the very small ones on top of the Pia layer do

Question 21

Where is O2 saturation of the brain measured & what is it supposed to be?

Answer 21

On the internal jugular vein (SjO2 & around 70 - 75%).

Question 22

At what SjO2 level should one become concerned & intervene?

Answer 22

Around 60%

Question 23

Which side of jugular veins is usually larger in people?

Answer 23

The right side 65%

Question 24

Which vein drains blood into the superior vena cava?

Answer 24

The brachiocephalic vein

Question 25

What vein sits on top of the Falx cerebri?

Answer 25

The superior sagittal sinus

Question 26

Arachnoid granulations are in which vein?

Answer 26

The superior sagittal sinus

Question 27

Which vein sits on top of the corpus collosum?

Answer 27

The inferior sagittal sinus

Question 28

The inferior sagittal sinus turns into the _____ and then drains into the ____.

Answer 28

Straight Sinus & Confluence of the sinuses

Question 29

The superior sagittal sinus drains into what?

Answer 29

Confluence of the sinuses

Question 30

Which vein wraps around the brainstem & what is another name for it?

Answer 30

Great cerebral vein or vein of Galen

Question 31

What is the function of the vein of Galen?

Answer 31

Drain blood coming of the cerebellum

Question 32

If the vein of Galen is not functioning properly it can cause what & why?

Answer 32

Signs of hydrocephalus, because it wraps around brainstem, ventricular system, & cerebellum and would cause issues if not properly draining.

Question 33

Which cranial vein would one want to have least problems with?

Answer 33

Vein of Galen or the Great cerebral vein

Question 34

What is the main drain point for most cranial veins?

Answer 34

The great cerebral vein

Question 35

The straight sinus connects what two things?

Answer 35

The inferior sagittal sinus & the Confluence of sinuses

Question 36

The straight sinus connects what two things?

Answer 36

The inferior sagittal sinus & the Confluence of sinuses

Question 37

The Confluence of sinus drains into the ____ which then drain into the ____ &then thru the ___foramen into the ____ veins?

Answer 37

Transverse sinuses, Sigmoid sinuses, jugular foramen & jugular veins

Question 38

What is the Cavernous Sinus is responsible for?

Answer 38

Venous drainage of the anterior skull & the eyes.

Question 39

What is the landmark for the Confluence of Sinus?

Answer 39

The external occipital protuberance

Question 40

The most superior part of the nuchal ligament connects to what structure?

Answer 40

The external occipital protuberance

Question 41

What are the most likely causes of a cranial aneurysm?

Answer 41

HTN, DM, alcoholism, high cholesterol, age

Question 42

Subarachnoid aneurysm is caused by venous or arterial blood?

Answer 42

Arterial

Question 43

What is the worst place to have an aneurysm & what are they called?

Answer 43

Circle of Willis called Barry aneurysm

Question 44

A hemorrhagic stroke can lead to what & why?

Answer 44

To an ischemic stroke due to byproducts entering the CSF causing vasospasm.

Question 45

Damage to what structure/s is mostly likely the cause of a subdural hematoma?

Answer 45

Damage to sinuses or venous vessels feeding the sinuses.

Question 46

What is the most common artery causing an epidural hematoma?

Answer 46

The Middle meningeal artery

Question 47

Blunt force trauma is most likely to cause what kind of hematoma?

Answer 47

Epidural hematoma

Question 48

What are the sings & symptoms of an epidural hematoma?

Answer 48

Nausea, vomiting, weakness, balance problems

Question 49

Where does a lot of cognition in the cerebral cortex happen?

Answer 49

On the periphery (gray matter)