EXAM 2 REVIEW (lessons 6-9) Flashcards
What is part of the integumentary system?
Skin, nails, hair, glands and nerve endings
What is the largest organ in the body?
skin
How many parts make up the integumentary system? What are they?
Two parts:
-Epidermis
-Dermis
What is below or deeper than the dermis?
the subcutaneous (SubQ) aka superficial fascia or hypodermis
how many layers are in the epidermis?
five layers (typically only has 4, but 5 in total when including stratum lucidum)
Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial (bottom to top) Big Sweet Guys Love Candy
Stratum BASAL, stratum SPINOSM, stratum GRANULOSM, stratum LUCIDUM, stratum CORNEUM
describe the stratum basal
-germ layer
-this layer provides new cells by mitotic cell division
describe the stratum spinosum
-spine like
-provides structural support, helping the skin resist abrasion
describe the stratum granulosum
-helps to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body
describe stratum lucidum
-clear
- found only in palms and feet
stratum corneum
composed of flat, dead cells that continually flake away, a vital barrier of the skin
epi =
above
what cells are in the epidermis?
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans (immunity), and Merkel (light touch)
what are keratinocytes?
protein keratin that waterproofs and protects (never needs ironing)
what are melanocytes?
black-brown pigment that protects nucleus from the suns UV rays
dermal papillae
fingerprints
describe the dermis
-meissner corpuscles cells (hard touch)
- dermal papillae
-extensibility (stretch ability)
-elasticity (bounce back ability)
what are fingerprints?
epidermal ridges
What do fingertips do?
- conform to the underlying dermal papillae
-increase grip by increasing function
-comes in loops, arches, and whorls (LAW)
calluses will occur in the _________
epidermis
stretch marks occur in the
dermis
what is the closest estimate of the average thickness of your skin?
1.5 mm (1-2mm)
We get new skin every _________
2-4 weeks
what percent of house dust is dead skin?
75%
as cells migrate to the surface they lose their nucleus and so become
skin color results from: __________
differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
UltraViolet Radiation (UVR) has an adverse effect. What is it?
causes skin cancer
Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) has a desirable effect. What is it?
-stimulates synthesis of vitamin D for dietary calcium absorption
- we should get at least one hour in the sun a day
these people tend to have well melanized skin to screen out excessive UVR
people native to the tropics and their descendants
these people tend to have light skin to allow for adequate UVR penetration where the sunlight is weak
people native to far northern latitudes
blacks =
melanin
whites =
blood hemoglobin and carotene with little melanin
asians=
carotene
do albinos lack melanocytes?
no
why do albinos have pink eyes?
they have little melanin in their eyes, causing you to be able to see the color of their blood vessels showing through
cyanosis=
blueness
erythema=
redness from sunburn, exercise, trauma, physical abuse.
-hematoma (bleeding, blood clot) results from trauma
jaundice=
yellowness
pallor= ______
and what does it include?
=paleness
- anemia and albinism
what are lines of cleavage?
lines of collagen
name the different types of skin markings
-hemangiomas (birthmarks)
- freckles and moles= aggregations of melanocytes
-flexion creases after birth from repeated closing of the hand
Name the functions of the skin (REDIPT)
-Receptors for sensory functions
-Emotions/psychological
-D vitamin synthesis
-Temperature regulation
-Immunity
-Protection
what is a water barrier and UV barrier?
your skin
what happens if the body is too cold?
Vasoconstriction (closing) of the blood vessels will occur in the skin to decrease the flow of heat
when will the skin cause a cessation of sweating?
when the body is cold
what happens if the body is too hot?
vasodilation (opening) of the blood vessels occurs in the skin to increase surface area to the air to cool the blood
when will the skin start sweating to cause a cooling effect?
when the body is too hot
What does hair do?
protects us from the sun and heat loss
describe the anatomy of hair
-shaft, root, follicle, bulb = growth
-sebaceous (oil) gland
-arrector pili muscle = goosebumps
scalp hair provides___________
heat retention and sunburn cover
what does pubic and axillary hair indicate?
sexual maturity and helps distribute sexual scents
nails are _______ and grow _____ per week
epidermal ridges, 1mm
what is the anatomy of the nail?
body, free edge, eponychium (cuticle)
name the 3 types of cutaneous glands?
-sweat glands
-mammary glands
-sebaceous glands
ceruminous produce a waxy substance called ______
cerumen
ceruminous glands are ___________
specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
ceruminous glands are only found in the_______
external ear
what forms earwax?
cerumen secretion combined with oil from sebaceous glands, sweat and dead epithelial cells
what does earwax do?
- keeps eardrums pliable
-waterproofs the canal
-makes hair sticky to prevent foreign stuff from entering the ears
what are the different types of skin cancer (caused by UV rays)?
- basal cell carcinoma (stratum basal)
-squamous cell carcinoma (stratum spinosum)
-malignant melanoma (deadly)
what are the signs of skin cancer and the preventions
signs: asymmetry, border irregular, color mixed, diameter over 6mm, evolving
prevention: beta-carotene, anti-oxidants, dermatologist exam, avoid tanning beds
First and second degree burns are
partial thickness
third degree burns are______
why are they initially painless?
full thickness
- because the nerve endings are destroyed
___________is a defense response from cell damage due to bugs, physical trauma, or chemical agents such as diet
inflammation
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
-pain
- heat
- redness (erythema)
- swelling (edema)
those who use sunscreen have higher incidence of
basal cell cancer
what harmful effects can sunscreen have?
-chemicals damage skins DNA
- generate harmful free radicals (PABA, Zinc, titanium oxide)
