EXAM #2: REVIEW Flashcards
Describe the plasmodium lifecycle.
1) Sporozites infect the blood and travel to the liver
2) Sporozites transform into Merozites in the liver
3) Merozites can become:
- Trophozites that
- Schiznots that
4) Gametocytes are ingested by subsequent mosquitoes to continue the lifecycle
What cytokines produced by the immune response to Malaria infection can cause a reduction in erythropoieses?
TNF-alpha
IL-1
What species of Babesia are rodents the reservoir for?
B. merzoti
What species of Babesia are cattle the reservoir for?
B. divergens
Describe the Direct Coombs Test.
- Blood sample is taken from patient with hemolytic anemia
- Autoantibodies are bound to the RBCs
- RBCs are washed and presented with anti-human antibodies
Positive test results in agglutination
Describe the Indirect Coombs Test.
- Patient serum is obtained with autoantibodies
- Donor blood is added to serum and autoantibodies bind
- Anti-human antibodies are added and cause RBC agglutination
List the five indications for IVIG.
1) Primary humoral immunodeficieicny
2) Immune thrombocytopenia
3) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
4) Hypogammaglobulinemia
5) Post-exposure prophylaxis
What are the indications for FFP?
1) Decreased coagulation factors in massive transfusion
2) Hemophilia
What two antigens are primarily responsible for alloimmunization?
- HLA
- HPA
What are the three indications for plasma?
1) Coagulation factor deficit
2) Massive transfusion
3) ADAMSTS13
List the contents of cryoprecipitate.
- Fibrinogen
- vFW
- VIII
- XIII
What are the indications for cyroprecipitate?
Bleeding–>fibrinogen
Von Willebrand’s Disease–> vFW
Factor VIII–> Hemophilia A
What are the diagnostic criteria for TRALI?
1) No pre-exisiting lung injury or disease
2) Onset within 6 hours of infusion
3) Hypoxemia with SaO2 less than 90% on room air
4) Bilateral infiltrates on CXR
5) No circulatory overload
What four transfusion reactions initially present with fever?
- TRALI
- TABI
- TA-GHD
- Acute hemolysis
What antigen is primarily responsible for delayed hemolysis?
Kidd (anti-kidd antibody)
What is the normal lymphocyte percentage in a neonate?
30%
What are the signs/ symptoms of polycythemia?
- Poor feeding
- Ruddy complexion
- Irritability
- Tremors
- Lethargy
- Respiratory depression
List the causes of polycythemia.
- INcreased EPO ?
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Maternal DM
- Trisomy
- Erythrocyte transfusion
What is the basis for the WHO categorization of AML?
- Pathology
- Cytogenetics
- Molecular characteristics
What are the markers for Reed-Sternberg cells?
CD15
CD30
What lab features are characteristics of Multiple Myeloma?
Increased IgG or IgA in serum or urine
What is the general unifying feature of all AMLs?
Undifferentiated myeloblast accumulation in the bone marrow
List the three major myeloproliferative neoplasms.
1) Polycythemia vera
2) Essential Thrombocythemia
3) Primary Myelofibrosis
What lab value is associated with Solitary Plasmacytoma?
No or low immunoglobulin
Generally, what is myelodysplastic syndrome?
Stem cell disorder that results in ineffective hematopoiesis
Generally, what is Multiple Myeloma?
Mature B-cell cancer
What are the PBS hallmarks of CLL?
1) Increased small round lymphocytes
2) Smudge cells
List the major plasma cell disorders.
1) Multiple myeloma
2) Plasmacytoma
3) Primary Amyloidosis
4) MGUS
5) POEMS Syndrome
6) Waldenstrom Macrolobinemia
What are the three major causes of microcytic/ hypochromic anemia in children?
1) Iron deficiency
2) Pb toxicity
3) Thalassemia
If you see a normocytic anemia and decreased RC count, what three things should your differential include?
1) DBA
2) TEC
3) Parvovirus B19
List the three encapsulated bacteria that children with Sickle Cell Disease (that are functionally asplenic) are at risk of.
S. pneumonia
H. influenza
N. meningitidis
When in surgical oncology is surgery used as a secondary treatment?
Advanced stage of the following:
- Esophageal
- Rectal
- Lung
- Breast
BUT not stage 4 cancer.
List the indications for radioembolization or Y90 therapy.
1) Unresectable liver tumors
2) Metastatic colon cancer
3) Neuroendocrine tumors
List the five advantages of cryoablation.
1) Outpatient
2) No general anesthesia
3) Nephron sparing
4) Few complications
5) Can be repeated for residual tumor
What are the risk factors for HCC?
1) Hepatitis B or C
2) Alcoholic cirrhosis
3) Metabolic Syndrome
4) Aflatoxin Exposure
