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Hematology and Oncology > EXAM #2: RADIATION ONCOLOGY > Flashcards

EXAM #2: RADIATION ONCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most fatal cancer in the world?

A

Lung

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2
Q

What are the three most common cancers in men?

A

Prostate
Lung and bronchus
Colon and rectum

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3
Q

What are the three most common cancers in women?

A

Breast
Lung and bronchus
Colon and rectum

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4
Q

What are the four basic patterns of cancer progression?

A

1) Local-growth
2) Local-extension i.e. tumor invades adjacent organs
3) Lymph node metastases
4) Hematogenous metastases

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5
Q

What stage does local tumor growth determine?

A

T-stage

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6
Q

What stage does local extension affect?

A

Upstaging the T-stage

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7
Q

What stage does lymph node metastases affect?

A

N-stage

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8
Q

What stage does hematogenous metastasis affect?

A

M-stage

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9
Q

What cancers does radiation take the place of surgery in?

A

1) Anal
2) Limited stage small cell lung
3) Esophageal
4) Stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer

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10
Q

What cancers is radiation used as an adjuvant therapy in?

A

1) Breast
2) Skin with positive margins
3) Prostate
4) Uterine/ endometrial

Note that radiation is used AFTER the main surgical treatment

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11
Q

What is radiation?

A

Use of EM and particulate ionizing raidation

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12
Q

How is the dose of radiation measured?

A

Gray

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13
Q

What is the most common form of radiation?

A

Daily external delivery of photons i.e. x-rays over multiple weeks

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14
Q

Why is external beam radiation therapy given over time?

A

This is required for maximal tumor kill and minimal damage to normal tissue damage

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15
Q

What does radiosensitive mean?

A

Tumor melts with radiation

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16
Q

What does radioresponsive mean?

A

Tumor melts quickly with radiation

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17
Q

What is Brachytherapy?

A

Any source that emits a halo of radiation

E.g. prostate seeds

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18
Q

What is the most important lesion induced by radiation?

A

Double strand DNA break

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19
Q

What is the most radiosensitive phase of the cell cycle?

A

M/G2

20
Q

What is the radioresistant phase of the cell cycle?

A

S

21
Q

What is the RT in radiation therapy? What are the implications?

A

Theraputic ratio of radiation, like a TI

The bigger the number the more cancerous tissue is specifically targeted

22
Q

Why are hypoxic cells the most radioresistant?

A

Oxygenation enhances ds-DNA breaks

23
Q

What part of tumors is the most hypoxic?

A

Central portion

24
Q

What is the standard dose of radation?

A

180-200 cGy per day

25
Q

What is hypofractionation dose radiation?

A

Very high dose radiation

26
Q

What types of cancer are typically radiated for palliative reasons?

A

Brain mets

Bone mets

27
Q

What are the five levels of treatment complexity in radiation?

A

1) Non-planned
2) 2D
3) 3DCRT
4) IMRT
5) SRS/FSRT/SBRT

28
Q

What is 3D-CRT?

A
  • Computer based treatment plan
  • Designs treatment to target the tumor and avoid normal structure

Causes a “leaking” or radiation into nearby critical structures

29
Q

What is IMRT?

A

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a high-precision radiotherapy that uses computer-controlled linear accelerator to deliver precise radiation doses to a malignant tumor

This prevents harm to surrounding structures and is at limiting collateral damage than 3D-CRT*

30
Q

What is SRS?

A

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

This creates an x,y, and z axes to localize brain lesions*

31
Q

What is the cyber knife?

A

Robot used today for brain tumor localization

32
Q

What is the definition of GTV?

A

Gross Tumor Volume i.e. the volume of tumor that can be imaged

33
Q

What is the definition of CTV?

A

Clinical Target Volume, the gross tumor volume plus the margins of assumed sub-clinical disease

34
Q

What is the definition of ITV?

A

Internal Target Volume,this is a volume that accounts for the movement of the CTV in a patient

35
Q

What is the definition of PTV?

A

Panning target volume, a volume intended to compensate for errors in planning and set up

36
Q

What does OAR stand for?

A

Organs at Risk

37
Q

Why is a CT done for every patient?

A

Planning

38
Q

What is “fusion?”

A

Fusion of the planning CT and other imaging modalities

39
Q

What are photons best for treating?

A

Deep lesions

40
Q

What are electrons best for treating?

A

Superficical lesions

41
Q

What type of beam block is the current standard of care?

A

Multileaf Collimator (MLC)

42
Q

What is a portal film?

A

Image used to verify the correct setup for radiation based on bony landmarks

43
Q

What is IGRT?

A

Image Guided Radiation Therapy

This is a special imaging technology that allows the physician to image the tumor immediately before or during the time radiation is delivered. These images are then compared to the reference images taken during simulation. Any necessary adjustments are then made to the patient’s position and/or radiation beams in order to more precisely target radiation at the tumor and avoid healthy surrounding tissue.

44
Q

What is stereoscopic IGRT?

A

This is an imaging technique, IGRT, that uses bones as landmarks

It is difficult to use for deep soft tissue targets are there are no bony landmarks in close proximity*

45
Q

What is stereoscopic IGRT poor for?

A

Soft tissue targets

46
Q

What is cone beam IGRT best for?

A

Soft tissue targets

Hematology and Oncology (38 decks)

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