Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Culture
A group of people who, through a process of learning are able to share perspectives of the world that influence their beliefs, values, norms, and rules, which eventually. affects their behavior.
When we talk about culture…
we are talking about a group of people.
We learn…
about our culture.
What we learn about our culture…
ultimately leads to a shared perception of the world.
Beleifs
Assumptions and convictions held by an individual group or culture about the truth or existence of something.
The culture we are raised in will teach us…
our beliefs, values, norms, and rules.
Values
Important and lasting principles strongly held by a culture about desirable courses of action or outcomes.
Norms
Informal guidelines about what is acceptable or proper social behavior within a specific culture
Rules
Explicit guidelines that govern proper social behavior within a specific culture.
Co-Cultures
Regional, economic, social, religious, ethnic, and other groups that exert influence in a society.
The larger culture often…
coopts parts of a co-culture and tries to adapt it into the main stream.
World mindedness
Ability to accept and respect others’ cultures, beliefs, values, and customs.
Ethnocentrisim
The belief that your culture, beliefs, values, and customs are superior to others.
Intercultural Competence
The ability to communicate appropriately, effectively, and ethically with a person of a different culture.
Prejudice
Opinion of a group of people that is often untrue and unjust.
Face
The respectability and/or deference of a person in relation to their social network, functionality in society, general conduct, their actions, and social expectations placed upon them.
Cultural Intelligence
An individual’s ability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity.
Low vs. High Power Disance
The degree to which people and organizations with less power within a culture accept and expect that power is unequally distributed within their culture.
Individualism
Individualist culture believes that you should focus on yourself and what you want to do.
Collectivisim
Collectivist culture believes that you should focus on what is best for the collective and what the collective wants.
Masculine Culture
Men are tough and strong. Women are modest and tender.
Low vs. High Uncertainty Avoidance
The degree to which a group of people will tolerate ambiguity or a lack of knowledge.
Feminine Culture
Men and women are tender and modest.
Long-term orientated culture
Focused on the future.
Short-term orientated culutre
Focused on the past and present.
Indulgent Culutre
Generally allows free gratification of a person’s wants and natural human desires.
Restraint Culture
Believes that a person’s wants and natural human desires should be curbed and regulated
How many types of conversation?
four
Discourse
One-way cooperative: The purpose is for the sender to transmit information to the receiver.
Dialouge
Two-way cooperative: The goal is for participants to exchange information and build relationships with each other.
Debate
Two-way competitive : The goal is to win an argument or to persuade somone.
Diatribe
One-way competitive: The goal is to express emotions, verbally beatdown those who disagree with you, and/or inspire those who agree with you.
Communication needs
Physical, Identity, Social
Physical Communication Needs
Communicating openly about our needs, wants, thoughts, and problems helps improve physical health.
Identity Communication Needs
Communication we receive about ourselves from others influences the way we perceive ourselves.
Social Communication Needs
We communicate with others to initiate, maintain, and terminate relationships.
Social Penetration Theory
Relationships begin when individuals share non-intimate layers and move into more intimate layers of personal information.
Open Self
Information about ourselves known to us and to others.
Hidden Self
Information about ourselves known to us but not to others.
Blind Self
What others know about us that we don’t know.
Unknown Self
Information about ourselves not known to us and not known to others.
Hearing
A passive activity where an individual perceives sound by detecting vibrations through an ear.
Listening
Focused, concentrated attention for the purpose of understanding the meaning expressed by the source.
Step 1 of Listening
Hearing: Receiving some kind of communicated message.
Step 2 of Listening
Understanding: Comprehending and decoding the received message.
Step 3 of Listening
Remembering: Actually remembering the message that was sent.
Step 4 of Listening
Interpreting: Being sensitive to nonverbal cues as they relate to the message sent.
Step 5 of Listening
Evaluating: Judging the message itself whilst trying to avoid the influences of our biases, values, and beliefs.
Step 6 of Listening
Responding: How we respond to the message itself.
Gender Differences in Listening & Responding
Men are clear and direct, often missing nonverbal cues. Women are less clear and less direct, more concerned with the underlying message.
People Listener
More focused on the person sending the message rather than the content of the message.
Action Listener
Focused on what the source wants and problem-solving.
Content Listener
Focus on the content of the message and process the message in a systematic way.
Time Listener
Only able to listen for a specific amount of time, often struggles to pay attention because of multitasking.
Work Relationship
Relationships that help us advance professional careers, support financial gain, and provide better work opportunities.
Task Relationships
We need to accomplish something with this person, relationship often ends after task is completed.
Social Relationship
We are seeking pleasure, inclusion, control, affection, looking for friends or love
Reasons for Attraction: Physical Proximity
We are in the same space with this person regularly or often, leading to attraction.
Reasons for Attraction: Physical Attractiveness
We are drawn to people who are physically attractive or who have aesthetically pleasing features.
Reasons for Attraction: Perceived Gain
Looking for a relationship that will reward us, the reward can be monetary, social, or even just companionship.
Reasons for Attraction: Similarities and Differences
Some people look for those who are similar to them. Some people look for those who are different form them.
Reasons for Attraction: Disclosure
Sharing important and deep information about ourselves to build support and trust.
Coming Together: Initiating
Beginning of Relationship: Determining interest and making direct contact with someone.
Coming Together: Experimenting
Deciding to continue the relationship, learning more about each other, looking for common ground and similarities.
Coming Together: Intensifying
After deciding to continue the relationship: Conversations become more serious and interactions more meaningful.
Coming Together: Integrating
Exclusivity: Higher Expectations of each other than before, know more about each other and spend more time together.
Coming Together: Bonding
Wanting others to know about the relationship.
Coming Apart: Differentiating
Both partners are figuring out their own identities: Differences are emphasized and similarities overlooked, failure to balance Independence.
Coming Apart: Circumscribing
Limit Interactions with each other, less affection, and less intimacy.
Coming Apart: Stagnating
No growth or improvement in relationship, less communication, and relationship feels like a chore.
Coming Apart: Avoiding
Avoiding each other completely: No communication, don’t want to see or speak to each other.
Coming Apart: Terminating
End of Relationship.
Relationship Maintenance: Positivity
Communicating with partners in a happy and supportive way.
Relationship Maintenance: Openness
Focus communication on the relationship.
Relationship Maintenance: Assurances
Using words that emphasize commitment to the relationship.
Relationship Maintenance: Networking
Communicating with family and friends.
Relationship Maintenance: Sharing Tasks
Sharing work or household chores.
Relationship Maintenance: Conflict Managment
Dealing with conflict in a patient and respectful way.
Relationship Maintenance: Advice
Frequent communication about the relationship.
Relationship Dialectics: Separation-Integration
Partners seek intimacy but are not willing to sacrifice their identity.
How to cope with Separation-Integration?
Cope through Balance: Compromise.
Relationship Dialectics: Predictability-Novelty
Rituals or routines that, overtime, interfere with our ability to grow or recognize growth.
How to cope with Predictability-Novelty?
Cope through Recalibration: Re-examine the relationship you have with this person and redefine it.
Relationship Dialectics: Openness-Closedeness
Disclosure vs. Privacy
How to cope with Openness-Closedeness?
Cope through Reaffirmation: Accept that you don’t need to know everything about your partner and they don’t need to know everything about you.
Relationship Dialectics: Similarity-Differences
If a couple is too similar, they can’t grow. If a couple is too different, they aren’t compatible.
How to cope with Similarity-Differences?
Cope through Integration: Blend perspectives and learn to see things from each other’s points of view.
Relationship Dialectics: Ideal-Real
Perceptions of god or bad things may inhibit our perception of what is real.
How to Cope with Ideal-Real?
Cope through Segmentation: Break down the Ideal and compare it to the Real.
Conflict
An interactive process occurs when conscious beings have opposing or incompatible actions, beliefs, goals, ideas, motives, needs, objectives, or values.
Emotions
Reactions to stimuli in the outside world.
Feelings
Response to thoughts and interpretations given to emotions based on experience, memory, expectations, and personality.
