Exam 2: Respondent (Classical) Conditioning Flashcards
Respondent (Classical) Conditioning
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Also referred to as Classical Conditioning and Pavlovian Conditioning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A natural, automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that initially does not elicit any intrinsic response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.
Acquisition
The process of learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Extinction
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest without further conditioning trials.
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A form of conditioning in which a stimulus associated with a conditioned stimulus becomes a new conditioned stimulus.
Aversive Conditioning
A form of conditioning in which an unpleasant stimulus is associated with a behavior to reduce its occurrence.
Appetitive Conditioning
A form of conditioning in which a desirable or rewarding stimulus is associated with a behavior to increase its occurrence.
Excitatory Conditioning
Conditioning that increases the likelihood of a conditioned response.
Inhibitory Conditioning
Conditioning that decreases the likelihood of a conditioned response.
Trace Conditioning
A form of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus is presented and removed before the unconditioned stimulus appears.
Delay Conditioning
A form of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus overlaps with the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.
Simultaneous Conditioning
A form of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time.
Backward Conditioning
A form of conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus, making learning less effective.
Pseudoconditioning
A process where an organism appears to have learned an association, but the response is actually due to sensitization rather than true conditioning.
Blocking
A phenomenon where prior learning of a conditioned stimulus prevents new associations with another stimulus.
Overshadowing
When one stimulus in a compound stimulus is more salient and prevents learning about the other stimulus.
Sensory Preconditioning
A process where two neutral stimuli are associated before one of them is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to conditioning of the other stimulus.
Latent Inhibition
A phenomenon where prior exposure to a neutral stimulus without reinforcement makes later conditioning to that stimulus slower.
Occasion Setting
A context or stimulus that signals when a conditioned stimulus will be followed by an unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Substitution Theory
Pavlov’s theory that the conditioned stimulus acts as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus.
Preparatory-Response Theory
The idea that the conditioned response prepares the organism for the upcoming unconditioned stimulus.
Compensatory-Response Model
A theory suggesting that the conditioned response counteracts the effects of the unconditioned stimulus, explaining drug tolerance.
Rescorla-Wagner Model
A mathematical model of conditioning stating that a given unconditioned stimulus can support only a limited amount of associative strength.
Mackintosh’s Attentional Model
A theory that organisms pay attention to the most reliable predictors of the unconditioned stimulus, influencing learning.
