Exam 2 - Respiratory System

Question 1

Nasopharynx

Answer 1

conducts air
opening of the auditory tube
soft palate

Question 2

Opening of the auditory tube

Answer 2

nasopharynx

• connects nasopharynx with ear
• provides pathway for infection to spread from nasopharynx to middle ear
• permits air pressure in middle ear cavity to equalize to atmospheric pressure

Question 3

Soft palate

Answer 3

during swallowing, swings posteriorly and superiorly to seal off nasopharynx from oropharynx

Question 4

Larynx - functions

Answer 4

1. voice production
2. provides an open airway
3. routes air and food into the proper channels

Question 5

Unpaired cartilages of layrnx

Answer 5

1. Thyroid
2. Cricoid
3. Epiglottis

Question 6

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 6

Longer in males –> lower pitch

Question 7

Paired cartilages of larynx

Answer 7

1. Arytenoid
2. Corniculate
3. Cuneiform

Question 8

Laryngeal ligaments

Answer 8

1. Vestibular folds
2. Vocal folds (cords)
3. Rimma glottidis - opening between true vocal cords and arytenoids
4. Glottis

Question 9

Vocal folds

Answer 9

Connect arytenoid and thyroid cartilage

Controlled by arytenoid

Question 10

Arytenoid

Answer 10

Controls vocal folds by pulling them tighter and looser –> higher pitch (yelling) = arytenoid tightens vocal cords

Question 11

Glottis

Answer 11

Rima glottidis and the opening

Question 12

Adductors of vocal cord

Answer 12

“Add TALC”

• Thyroarytenoid (true vocal cord) muscles
• Transverse arythenoid (Interarytenoid)
• Lateral cricoarytenoid
• Cricothyroid

Question 13

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Answer 13

close rima glottidis

adductor of vocal cord

Question 14

As bronchi branches…

Answer 14

• smaller branches
• thinner walls, cartilage decreases
• goblet cells decrease
• smooth muscle increases

Question 15

Right main bronchi

Answer 15

straighter, shorter, wider

**why right lung blacker in smokers –> right bronchi is straighter

Question 16

Surfacant

Answer 16

In terminal bronchioles

• reduces surface tension
• allows bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeps bronchioles from collapsing during expiration

Respiratory Distress Syndrome = lack of surfacant

Question 17

Inhalation - muscles and functions

Answer 17

Scalene - elevates 1st and 2nd ribs
External intercostals - elevate ribs
Diaphragm - contracts
Sternum - inferior part moves anteriorly

Question 18

Exhalation - muscles and functions

Answer 18

Quiet exhalation primarily a passive process

Internal intercostals - depress ribs
Transversus thoracis - depresses ribs
Sternum - inferior part moves posteriorly
(diagphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes)

Question 19

Forced inhalation

Answer 19

All others plus:
Erector spinae - extends the back
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleiodmastoid

Question 20

Forced expiration

Answer 20

Active process

Produced by contraction of: the oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

Question 21

Inhalation happenings

Answer 21

decreases internal gas pressure

Question 22

Why runny nose when cry?

Answer 22

Nasolacrimal duct drains tears from lacrimal sac and opens to anterior part of inferior nasal meatus

Question 23

Respiratory epithelium

Answer 23

Lines respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar –> goblet cells (make mucous)
Function: moistens and protects airway; barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles –> cilia

Question 24

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 24

continuous with nasal cavities
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla
Buildup of fluid/mucous = sinus headache due to pressure

Question 25

Mucus

Answer 25

Produced by goblet cells
Epithelium + lamina propria = mucus
About 250 cc, 1 water bottle, per day produced
Humidifies and purifies air