Exam 2 - CNS

Question 1

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 1

Precentral gyrus
Voluntary muscle control (skeletal) 
More surface area to fine movements (ie face)
SIMPLE MOVEMENTS 
Frontal Lobe

Question 2

Prefrontal

Answer 2

Thinking ahead

Taking initiative

Question 3

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 3

Postcentral gyrus
General sensation (pain, temp, touch)
Concious awareness of general somatic senses
Parietal lobe
More SA to more sensitive areas (ie face)

Question 4

Premotor Cortex

Answer 4

In front of precentral gyrus
Planning movements
Complex movements –> has to be learned and practiced

Question 5

Special Cortices in Temporal Lobe

Answer 5

Olfactor cortex

Auditory cortex and association area

Question 6

Special Sensory Cortex in Occipital Lobe

Answer 6

Visual cortex

Question 7

Pyramidal cells

Answer 7

large neurons of primary motor cortex

Question 8

Cerebral White Matter (axon fibers) - types

Answer 8

1. Commissural fibers
2. Association fibers
3. Projection fibers

Question 9

Commissure tract&functions

Answer 9

composed of commissural fibers
allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
largest commissure = corpus callosum

Question 10

Association fibers

Answer 10

connect different parts of same hemisphere

Question 11

Projeciton fibers

Answer 11

connect different parts

i.e. cortex –> pons/cerebellum

Question 12

Basal Ganglia (4)

Answer 12

subcortical grey matter
group of nuclei deep within cerebral white matter
1. caudate nucleus (Huntington’s)
2. Putamen (Huntington’s)
3. Globus pallidus
4. Amygdaloid body (LIMBIC SYSTEM) (FEAR)

**cooperate with cerebral cortex in performing movements

Question 13

Caudate nucleus&lentiform nucleus

Answer 13

Huntington’s disease
arches over thalamus
“lens shaped”
=corpus striatum

Question 14

Cranial Meninges

Answer 14

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 15

Limbic System (function and 5 parts)

Answer 15

emotion and behavior

1. cingulate gyrus
2. dentate gyrus
3. parahippocampal gyrus
4. hippocampus
5. fornix (axon fibers - connects parts of limbic system)

Question 16

Dura mater (3 parts)

Answer 16

1. Falx cerebri
2. Tentorium cereblli
3. Falx cerebell

Question 17

Choroid plexus

Answer 17

filters cerebral spinal fluid (wastes go into capillaries, nutrients go into csf)

Question 18

Thalamus

Answer 18

sensory relay center between brain stem and cortex

Question 19

Proencephalon

Answer 19

Telecephalon –> cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres and cortex)
Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Forebrain

Question 20

Mesencephalon

Answer 20

Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi, corpora quadrigemina)(superior to aqueduct) and tegmentum (cerebral peduncles, substanstia nigra) (inferior to aqueduct)
Midbrain

Question 21

Rhombencephalon

Answer 21

Metencephalon –> cerebellum and pons
Myelencephalon –> medulla oblongata
Hindbrain

Question 22

medial geniculate nucleus

Answer 22

specific thalamic nuclei

auditory relay nucleus

Question 23

lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 23

specific thalamic nuclei

visual relay nucleus

Question 24

Functions of the Hypothalmus

Answer 24

visceral control center of the brain

1. hormones via the pituitary
2. autonomic nervous system
3. feeding and drinking
4. sexual activity
5. temperature
6. sleep-wake cycles
7. memory

Question 25

Superior colliculi

Answer 25

visual center

Question 26

Inferior colliculi

Answer 26

auditory center

Question 27

cerebral peduncles

Answer 27

part of tegmentum group of projections (tract of axon fibers) connect midbrain with cerbrum

Question 28

Red nucleus

Answer 28

maintenance of muscle tone and limb position

Question 29

Substantia nigra

Answer 29

part of tegmentum | Parkinson's disease

Question 30

crus cerebri

Answer 30

corticospinal tract

Question 31

Pons

Answer 31

Contains nuclei of CN V, VI, VII 4th ventricle Middle cerebellar peduncle (connects pons with cerebellum) Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 32

Cerebellum (functions)

Answer 32

- Balance (maintains posture, equilibrium, coordinates and smoothes movements) - Cognition (language, problem solving, planning tasks)

Question 33

Cerebellar Lesions

Answer 33

1. Intentional tremor | 2. Imbalance and "drunken" gait (like a duck)

Question 34

Medulla Oblongata (5)

Answer 34

1. Pyramid 2. Olivary nuclei 3. Reflex centers 4. Cardiovascular centers 5. Respiratory rhymicity center

Question 35

Pyramid

Answer 35

``` Medulla oblongata Corticospinal tract (fibers make cross) Inferior olive pyramid ```

Question 36

Olivary nuclei

Answer 36

Control cardiovascular and pulmonary systems | Medulla oblongata

Question 37

Spinal cord damage between C5-S4

Answer 37

Paraplegia

Question 38

Spinal cord damage at brachial plexus origin

Answer 38

Quadriplegia

Question 39

Damage at or above phrenic nerve origin

Answer 39

asphyxiation and death (diaphragm control)

Question 40

Ascending tracts of white matter

Answer 40

sensory

Question 41

Descending tracts of white matter

Answer 41

motor

Question 42

Lesion of corticospinal tract

Answer 42

Loss of voluntary motor control | AND spastic paralysis (spinal reflexes can still be evoked)

Question 43

Lower motor neurons (fibers and lesion)

Answer 43

``` GSE fibers (final common pathway to skeletal muscle) Lesion deprives skeletal muscle of motor control --> flaccid paralysis (loss of reflexes and muscle atrophy) ```