Exam 2 - GI Tract

Question 1

Foregut

Answer 1

Oral cavity –> stomach (bile duct)
(esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
Artery: Celiac trunk

Question 2

Midgut

Answer 2

Duodenum (bile duct) –> Right hepatic flexure
(second half duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon)
Artery: Superior mesentaric

Question 3

Hindgut

Answer 3

Transverse colon –> Rectum
(left portion transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum)
Artery: Inferior mesentaric

Question 4

Visceral peritoneum

Answer 4

serous membrane

surrounds digestive organs

Question 5

Parietal peritoneum

Answer 5

serous membrane

lines body wall

Question 6

Intraperitoneal Organs

Answer 6

SALTED SPRSS
Stomach
Appendix
Liver
Transverse colon
Duodenum (1st part)
Small intestines (jejunum and ileum)
Pancreas (only tail)
Rectum (only upper 3rd) 
Sigmoid colon
Spleen

Question 7

Retroperitoneal

Answer 7

SADPUCKER
Suprarenal glands
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (all but 1st part)
Pancreas (all but tail)
Ureter and bladder
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum (lower 2/3)

Question 8

Mesentery

Answer 8

Double layer of peritoneum that occurs as a result of the invagination of the peritoneum by an organ and constitutes a continuity of the visceral and parietal peritoneum.
Functions:
-Holds organs in place
-Sites of fat storage
-Provides a route for circulatory vessels (blood vessels and lymphatic vessels) and nerves

Question 9

Peritoneal organs

Answer 9

Organs that keep their mesentery

Question 10

Omentum

Answer 10

double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity

Question 11

Greater omentum

Answer 11

“Beer Belly” (too big = lordosis)
4 layered peritoneal fold, hangs down like apron from greater curvature of stomach and proximal part of the duodenum. Folds back up and attaches to anterior surface of transverse colon and its mesentary

Question 12

Lesser omentum

Answer 12

Double-layered peritoneal fold that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver.

Question 13

3 Mesenteries

Answer 13

Mesentery proper - small intestine
Transverse mesentery
Sigmoid mesocolon

Question 14

Stomach functions&blood supply

Answer 14

Storage, primarily mechanical breakdown of fibrous food content (3 muscle layers)
Celiac trunk

Question 15

Gastric pits

Answer 15

Entrance to gastric glands.

Contain mucous neck cells –> produce mucous that protects stomach from acidity –> prevents ulcers

Question 16

Gastric Parietal Cells

Answer 16

Intrinsic factor

HCl

Question 17

Chief cells

Answer 17

Pepsinogen

Pepsin

Question 18

Enteroendocrine cells

Answer 18

G cells secrete gastrin (hormone that promotes muscle activity of the stomach)

Question 19

Duodenum

Answer 19

12 fingers
retroperitoneal
“Mixing bowl” = pancreatic juice + bile from bile duct + chyme (stomach contents)

Question 20

Plicae circulares

Answer 20

folds of small intestinal wall –> increase surface area for absorption

Question 21

Teniae coli

Answer 21

ribbon-like

creates pouch for expansion

Question 22

Floating kidney

Answer 22

No adipose layer

Kidney drops –> kink in ureter

Question 23

Hepatic Portal System

1st Capillary Bed

Answer 23

Organs and glands of GI system
Spleen
(absorbs nutrients and toxins from stomach and intestine)

Question 24

Hepatic Portal System

2nd (Sinusoids) Capillary Bed

Answer 24

Liver

detoxifies the blood

Question 25

Gallbladder

Answer 25

stores bile

Question 26

Liver

Answer 26

produces bile and processes blood

Question 27

Small Intestinal Epithelium

Answer 27

Has intestinal villi - small, finger-like projections that protrude from epithelial lining of small intestine’s wall)
4 layers
1. Outer longitudinal muscle layer
2. Inner circular muscle layer - 1 and 2 together = tunica muscularis, segmentation and peristalsis
3. Submucosa (in duodenum, Brunner’s glands) - loose connective tissue with blood vessels; nutrient absorption
4. Mucosa - folds for increased surface area for absorption

Question 28

Intestinal crypts

Answer 28

“mucosal glands” lie within lamina propria (lacteal = lymph vessel in small intestine)

Question 29

Lamina propria

Answer 29

thin layer of loose connective tissue or dense irregular connective tissue that lies under epithelium (with it makes up the mucosa)

Question 30

Large intestine function

Answer 30

transport waste and absorb water (smooth lining for easier transport)
–>difference structurally and functionally between large and small intestine

Question 31

exocrine cells of pancrease

Answer 31

enzymes
pancreatic juice –> pancreatic duct
digests carbohydrates and proteins

Question 32

endocrine cells of pancreas

Answer 32

hormones: insulin

Question 33

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 33

superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein

Blood: GI tract –> liver