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Communication Science > Exam 2: Respiration & Phonation > Flashcards

Exam 2: Respiration & Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Shows that, at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass (lungs) of an ideal gas (air), assuming a closed system (respiratory system), is always constant

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2
Q

Inspiration

A

inhalation

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3
Q

Expiration

A

exhalation

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4
Q

Diaphragm

A

most important muscle of inspirations (main inspiratory muscle)

  • divides the thorax and the abdomen
  • dome-shaped
  • higher on the right than left
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5
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

located between the ribs

Divided into

  • external intercostals
  • internal intercostals
  • subcostals (intracostals)
  • transversus thoracis
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6
Q

3 Muscular Components of the Diaphragm

A
  1. sternal
  2. costal
  3. vertebral
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7
Q

3 Openings of the Diaphragm

A
  1. Aortic hiatus
  2. Esophageal hiatus
  3. Foramen vena cava
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8
Q

External Intercostals

A
  • Stronger than internal
  • 11 on either side
  • occupy space between the ribs
  • contraction raises the ribs
  • extends from the tubercles of the ribs dorsally to a region near the cartilages of the ribs ventrally (anterior intercostal membranes)
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9
Q

External Intercostal’s action:

A

inhalation

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10
Q

External Intercostal Insertion:

A

upper border of rib below

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11
Q

External Intercostal Origin:

A

lower border of ribs

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12
Q

External Intercostal Antagonist

A

intercostals interni muscles

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13
Q

Internal Intercostals

A
  • lie deep to the external intercostals
  • 11
  • extends from the anterior limits of intercostal spaces
  • the angle of the rib posteriorly continues to the vertebral column as thin aponeurosis (posterior intercostal membranes)
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14
Q

Internal Intercostal Actions:

A

Hold the ribs steady, exhalation

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15
Q

Internal Intercostal Origin:

A

Rib- inferior border

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16
Q

Internal Intercostal Insertion:

A

Rib- superior border

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17
Q

Subcostals (intracostals)

A
  • lines the back of the thorax
  • lateral to the tubercles of the ribs
  • course same as internal intercostals
  • not confined to one intercostal space
    • may skip on end then insert
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18
Q

Transversus Thoracis

A
  • Irregular muscles
  • vary in attachments
  • thin
  • fan-shaped
  • fibers course upward and outward
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19
Q

Transversus Thoracis Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: from the posterior surface of the body and the sternum, from the posterior surfaces of the chondral portion of ribs 5-7

Insertion: lower borders an dinner surfaces of ribs 2-6

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20
Q

Mechanics of the Diaphragm

A
  • When the muscle fibers are activated in isolation, they shorten, the dome of the diaphragm decends, plueral pressure falls, and abdominal pressure increases
  • the ventral abdominal wall expands, but a large fraction of the rib cage contracts
  • Expansion of the rib cage during inspiration is produced by the external intercostals in the dorsal portion of the rostral interspaces, the intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals are also inspiratory in function.
  • by elevating the ribs and causing an additional fall in pressure, these muscles not only help the diaphragm expand, the chest wall, and the lung, but they also increase the load on the diaphragm and reduce the shortening of the diaphragmatic muscle fibers
  • during expiratory efforts, activation of the abdominal muscle produces rise in Pab (abdominal pressure) that leads to a cranial displacement of the diaphragm into the pleural cavity and a rise in Ppl (pleural pressure)
  • concomitant activation of the internal interosseous intercostals in the causal interspaces and the trangularis sterni during such efforts contracts the rib cage and helps the abdominal muscles deflate the lung
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21
Q

Actions of the intercostal muscles

A
  • responsible for forced exhalation and quiet inhalations
  • contribute to the rigidity of the thoracic wall
  • prevent intercostal spaces from bulging in and out during breathing
  • control space between ribs
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22
Q

Mechanics of external intercostals

A
  • elevate the lower rib to which it is attached
  • muscles of inspirations
  • forms a class III lever
  • Tends to raise the lower rib
  • Greatly exceeds the force tending to lower the rib to the upper rib
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23
Q

Mechanics of internal intercostals

A
  • lower the ribs
  • muscles of expiration
  • Forms a class III lever
  • upper and lower rib, and elevating force applied to the lower rib exceeds the depressing force applied to the upper rib
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24
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

quiet during restful inhalations

function: inspiration

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25
Q

Scalenes

A

coincides with diaphragm movement, consistently phasically active during restful inhalation

function: inspiration

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26
Q

The role of abdominal muscles

A
  • during quiet breathing, there is little or no muscle contraction/relaxation involved in expiration (passive)
  • process is simply driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs in healthy individuals
  • the abdominal muscle and the internal and innermost intercostal muscles help expel air
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27
Q

4 mechanics of breathing

A
  1. quiet inhalation
  2. contraction of diaphragm
  3. intercostals
  4. scalene muscles
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28
Q

Mechanics of Breathing

A
  • Increases the dimensions of the thorax in three planes
  • Lungs follow thoracic wall movement
  • Lungs expand, air flows from the outside inward until air pressure inside the lung is equal to that of outside air
  • abdominal viscera is compressed
  • diaphragm is decended
  • Intra-abdominal pressure is elevated (inspiration)
  • Muscles of inhalation cease activity gradually
  • Lungs are fully inflated
  • Restoring forces play a role
  • Increase upward force agains diaphragm (abdominal viscera, elevated intraabdominal pressure, both are restoring forces)
  • the lungs and thorax are expanded
  • additional restoring forces come into play
  • ribs = already been elevated and twisted. Will unwind…provide torque
  • energy of position (potential energy) will be recovered in the form of motion (kinetic energy)
  • Lung tissue is elastic (expiratory force)
  • Linked to thoracic wall…exert progressive restoring force with increasing strethc
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29
Q

torque

A

how the ribs twist and unwind when they start to restore

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30
Q

Adult respiratory cycle

A

active inhalation and passive exhalation cycle takes place 12x/min

500-750 cc of air exchanged each time

6-9 liters per minute

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31
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

inhalation and exhalation

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32
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of gas between blood and other organs of the body

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33
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of gas between lungs and trachobronchial tree

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34
Q

Lung Volumes

A

descrete values; no overlap between lung volumes

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35
Q

Lung Capacities

A

include two or more lung volumes

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36
Q

Inspiratory and Vital Capacities

A

measured directly

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37
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

quantity of air at resting expiratory level

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38
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during any single expiratory cylcle

inhalation followed by exhalation

Range: 675-893cc- males
285-393cc- females

work demands an increase in oxygen expenditure

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39
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

quantity of air which can be inhaled beyond that inhaled in a tidal volume

1500-2500cc

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40
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled following quiet or passive exhalation

1500-2500cc

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41
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

quantity of air that remains in the lungs and airways even after a maximum exhalation

air that cannot be expelled

1000-1500cc

Remains in the lungs and airways after death
Cannot speak on residual air

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42
Q

Yawn

A

prolonged shallow breathing results in accumulations of excessive carbon dioxide taking place in alveoli and blood stream. When this happens, an automatic and deep inhalation takes place (a yawn)

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43
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve

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44
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Quantity of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

3500cc-5000cc

“we’re going for the olympic record”

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45
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

Quantity of air in the lungs and airways at the resting expiratory level

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

2300cc

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46
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Quantity of air that the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a maximum inhalation

Equal to the sum of all the volumes

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47
Q

Atmospheric air

A

79% Nitrogen
20% Oxygen
0.04 Carbon Dioxide

1L of O2 = body will consume about 200ml of oxygen. the rest is returned to the atmosphere

Use more oxygen during exercise.

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48
Q

Pulmonic Pressure

A

pressure inside the lungs

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49
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

760 mm Hg

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50
Q

Pressure Relationship

A

when inspiration begins, the lungs expand

Alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric @ height of inspiration

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51
Q

Lung Volumes Required for Speech

A

50% of air capacity is inhaled for speech purposes

With proper laryngeal function, overall range of lung volumes in which speed can be produced 35-70% VC

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52
Q

Chest Wall Preparation

A

Hixon (1973)

  • Speech specific posturing of the rib cage and abdomen
  • Rib cage is relatively more expanded for speech than when relaxed at the same lung volume
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53
Q

Eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

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54
Q

Hyperpnea

A

increased depth of breathing; usually increased tidal volume with or without increase rate of breathing

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55
Q

Dyspnea

A

when pulmonary ventilation approximates the volume of vital capacity, breathing becomes labored

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56
Q

Apnea

A

cessation of breathing at the end of the normal expiration

occurs during sleep

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57
Q

Apneusis

A

cessation of breathing in the inspiratory position

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58
Q

Cheyne-Stokes

A

a gradually increased tidal volume for several breaths, followed by several breaths with decreasing tidal volume

  • cycle repeats itself
  • common cause of cardiac failure
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59
Q

Biat’s respiration

A

a form of periodic breathing characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps followed by apnea

very high cerebrospinal fluid pressure
destructive brain disease

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60
Q

Ary

A

pertaining to the arytenoid cartilage

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61
Q

cerato

A

horns

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62
Q

crico

A

pertaining to the cricoid cartilage

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63
Q

Genio

A

pertaining to the chin

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64
Q

glosso

A

pertaining to the tongue

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65
Q

hyo

A

pertaining to the hyoid bone

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66
Q

infra

A

below

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67
Q

inter

A

between

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68
Q

musculo

A

pertaining to muscles

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69
Q

myo

A

pertaining to muslces

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70
Q

para

A

beside; to the side of

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71
Q

pars

A

part of a larger anatomical structure

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72
Q

stylo

A

pertaining to the styloid process

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73
Q

sub

A

below

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74
Q

supra

A

above

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75
Q

thyro

A

pertaining to the thyroid cartilage

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76
Q

The Larynx

A
  • principle structure for producing a vibrating air stream
  • vocal folds are vibrating elements inside the larynx
  • VF are part of the larynx
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77
Q

Vocal Folds

A
  • Part of the larynx
  • constitute the vibrating elements
  • Rapid opening and closing periodically interrupts air stream to produce voice or glottal tone
78
Q

Location of the Larynx

A
  • form the superior terminal of the trachea
  • unpaired
  • midline
  • musculocartilaginous structure
  • anterior neck region
  • Level of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th vertebrae
  • Changes position with age, sex, head position, and laryngeal activity
  • located between the trachea inferiorly and the hyoid bone superiorly
79
Q

Palpated Larynx

A

place fingers on the midline of the neck, just beneath the chin, index finger in the thyroid notch, fingernail will press upward against the hyoid bone

80
Q

Vocal or Glottic tone

A
  • produces by the vocal folds
  • tone comes from inside the pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity
  • these three structures also “vibrate” or help to change the flow of air to make different “tones”
81
Q

the vocal tract consists of

A

the laryngeal cavity, the pharynx, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

82
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • Larynx is suspended from it
  • superior to the larynx
  • suspended by supra and infra hyoids
83
Q

Biological Function of the Larynx

A
  • intrinsic component of resp. system
  • protective device for LRT
  • acts as a valve
  • prevents aie from escaping the lungs
  • prevents foreign objects from entering the larynx
  • forcefully expels foreign substances that threaten the larynx or trachea
84
Q

Valving Function of the Larynx

A
  • Helps activities demanding high abdominal pressure
  • forced bowel or bladder evacuation
  • heavy lifting
  • expel foreign substance… violent explosion of air, active dilation of laryngeal valve (cough)
85
Q

Non-biological Function of the Larynx:

A
  • Sound production

- functions as a sound generator only when it is not fulfilling the vital biological functions

86
Q

VF during quiet breathing

A

air stream is unimpeded as it flows in and out of the lungs

87
Q

VF during deep breathing

A
  • air stream is unimpeded
  • VF may be to the maximum
  • VF abducted
88
Q

VF during voicing

A
  • air stream set into vibration to produce a glottal tone
  • generates rapid series of short-duration of air pulses
  • excite supra-laryneal air column
  • generation of the air pulses may be initiated
  • VF adducting, moving medially
89
Q

Is forced exhalation possible at virtually any lung volume?

90
Q

1 cycle of vocal fold vibration

A
  • VF adducted loosely
  • Restrict air flow from lungs
  • Forces of exhalation produce an increasing amount of air pressure beneath the folds.
  • When this become sufficient, the vocal folds are blown apart, releasing a puff of air into the vocal tract.
  • The release of air results in an immediate decrease in pressure beneath the vocal folds.
  • Folds snap back into adducted position (ready to be blown apart again)
91
Q

Glottal Stop

A

Forcibly approximating the VF to arrest of stop vibration of vocal folds

92
Q

Glottal Attack/Glottal Stroke

A
  • abrupt release of the adductor mechanism

- initiate vocal fold vibration suddenly

93
Q

Supportive Framework of the Larynx

A

HYOID BONE
- U-shaped
- not directly attached to any other bone
- bound by complex system of…
MUSCLES AND LIGAMENTS
-highly mobile
- muscles from the tongue and chin approach from above and in front
- Temporal bone muscles from above and behind
- extrinsic muscle from below
- Muscles that attach and suspend are called the…
HYOID SLING

94
Q

3 Parts of the Hyoid Bone

A
  1. Body
  2. Greater horn (cornua)
  3. Lesser horn (cornu)
95
Q

Anatomy of Hyoid Bone

A
  • U-shaped
  • quadrilateral shape
  • located horizontally in the neck (3rd cervical vertibra)
  • Limbs of the “U” are backward and slightly upward
  • Posterior limbs, on on either side of the body are called the greater horns (cornua)
  • the junction of a greater horn with the body is characterized by a superiorly directed, con-shaped prominence known as a lesser horn (cornu)
96
Q

Hyoid Sling Muscles- Supra Hyoids

A
  • Stylohyoid
  • digastricus (post. belly)
  • digastricus (ant. belly)
  • Geniohyoid
  • myloyoid
97
Q

Stylohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: styloid process
Insertion: hyoid bone

98
Q

Digastricus (posterior belly): Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Mastoid process
Insertion: hyoid bone

99
Q

Digastricus (anterior belly): Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Hyoid bone
Insertion: mandible

100
Q

Geniohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Mandible
Insertion: Hyoid bone

101
Q

Mylohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Mandible (all along)
Insertion: Midline raphe and hyoid

102
Q

Hyoid sling Muscles- Infra Hyoids

A
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid
103
Q

Thyrohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Thyroid Cartilage
Insertion: Hyoid Bone

104
Q

Sternohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: Hyoid bone

105
Q

Sternothyroid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage

106
Q

Omohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: Superior border of the scapula
Insertion: Hyoid bone

107
Q

Cartilaginous Framework of the Larynx

A
  • 9 cartilages
  • their connective ligaments and membranes
  • hyaline or elastic cartilage
108
Q

3 Main parts of thyroid cartilage

A
  1. Lamina
  2. Horns
  3. Notch
109
Q

Parts of Thyroid Cartilage

A
  • Thyroid Laminae
  • Thyroid Notch
  • Thyroid (laryngeal) prominence or Adam’s apple
  • Superior cornu (horns)
  • Inferior cornu (horns)
  • Oblique line
  • Foramen
110
Q

Degree of thyroid in men and women

A

80 degrees in men

90 degrees in women

111
Q

Parts of Cricoid Cartilage

A
  • anterior arch
  • posterior quadrate lamina (looks like signet ring)
  • arch
  • cricotracheal membrane/ligament
  • articular facets
  • diarthrodial pivot joints
112
Q

Where is Cricoid Cartilage found?

A

found immediately above the uppermost tracheal ring

forms lower portion of laryngeal framework

113
Q

articular facets on cricoid cartilage

A

for articulation with inferior horn of thyroid

114
Q

diarthrodial pivot joints on cricoid cartilage

A

rotates cricotracheal ligament…attaches cricoid to the first tracheal ring

115
Q

Arytenoid Cartilages

A

mainly hyaline cartilage

3 sided pyramidal shape

  • base
  • apex
  • 3 surfaces
116
Q

3 surfaces on Arytenoid Cartilage

A
  1. muscular process
  2. vocal process
  3. vocal ligament
117
Q

Parts of the Epiglottis

A

(made of elastic cartilage)

  • petiolus (little leg)
  • thyroepiglottic ligament
  • hyoepiglottic ligament
  • median glossoepiglottic ligament
  • lateral glossoepiglottic ligament
  • fat pad
118
Q

Petiolus of Epiglottis

A

little leg

in the area just beneath the thyroid notch—thyroepiglottic ligament

119
Q

Where leaf-like portion of Epiglottis is broadest….

A

fastens to hyoid bone by elastic—hyoepiglottic ligament

120
Q

Lateral glossoepiglottic ligament

A

at forward curve of anterior epiglottis, sides and root of tongue

121
Q

Fat Pad

A

extends from hyoid bone to level of hyoid notch

Separates the epiglottis from hyoid and the epiglottis from hyoid and thyroid cartilages, laryngeal surface is concave

122
Q

Endoscopic view of Epiglottis

A
  • epiglottis appears concave
  • anterior surface continues to the root of the tongue by the median and lateral glossoepiglottic ligaments
  • two pits on either side of median glosseoepiglottic ligament of valecula seen between the root of the tongue, epiglottis
123
Q

Function of Epiglottis

A
  • Prevents food from entering the larynx during deglution
  • snaps down over the entrance of the larynx during swallowing
  • assists in directing the bolus toward the esophagus
  • larynx elevates, hyoid bone moves anteriorly, the lateral hyoepiglottic ligaments act to depress the upper 1/3 of the epiglottis
  • contributes little to speech production
  • may modify laryngeal tone by producing changes in size and shape of laryngeal cavity.
  • not vital for humans (vestigial structure)…more important for lower life-forms
124
Q

2 distinct movement of epiglottis in covering laryngeal opening

A
  1. level of thyroid cartilage- moves from vertical rest postition to horizontal
  2. as bolus passes through the pharynx, brings upper 1/3 of epiglottis below horizontal
125
Q

Corniculate Cartilages

A

sit on apex of arytenoid cartilages
conical elastic
horn-like shape
vestigial structures

126
Q

Cuneiform Cartilages

A
  • small
  • mucus membranes that extend from the sides of the epiglottis to the apexes of the arytenoid cartilages (aryepiglottic folds)
  • form entrance to the larynx
  • imbedded in the aryepiglottic folds, anterior and lateral to coniculate cartilages
  • paired, wedge shaped rods of elastic cartilages
  • embedded in tissue, can be seen as highlighted elevations or swelling
  • vestigial structures, may be supportive of aryepiglottic folds, maintain opening of larynx
127
Q

2 Pairs of Laryngeal Joints

A
  1. Cricoarytenoid Joint

2. Cricothyroid Joint

128
Q

Cricoarytenoid Joint

A

saddle joint that permits rocking motion and limited gliding

  • cricoid articular facet
  • arytenoid articular facet
  • posterior cricoarytenoid ligament–restricts and dictates movement
  • anterior cricoartytenoid ligament
129
Q

Cricothyroid Joing

A

Pivot joint, lines with synovial membrane. Is bound by a capsular ligament which limits the joint movement

130
Q

Ceratocricoid Ligaments (of Cricothyroid Joint)

A
  • posterier
  • lateral (conus elasticus)
  • anterior
131
Q

Mucous Membranes above the Larynx

A

continuous lining of the mouth and pharynx

132
Q

Mucous Membranes below the larynx

A
  • lining of the trachea
  • rich in the mucous glands
  • squamous epithelium: epiglottis, upper portion of posterior surface of epiglottis, upper portion of aryepiglottic folds
  • columnar epithelium: remainder
133
Q

Interior of the Larynx

A

extends from aditus laryngis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

Includes:

  • laryngeal aditus
  • pyriform sinus
  • rima glottidis (glottic space)
134
Q

Layrngeal aditus

A

entrance of the larynx

boundaries– epiglottis in front, aryepiglottic folds laterally, and the apexes of the arytenoid cartilages behind

135
Q

Pyriform sinus

A

a deep depression on the larynx

lateral to aditus

136
Q

Rima glottidis

A
  • space between vocal folds (shelf-like)
  • vocal folds and glottis is a reference point
  • supra-glottic is between ventricular folds and the aditus- called the vestibule
  • supra-glottic region is level of the vocal folds to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage
137
Q

Function of extrinsic muscles in the larynx

A
  • support the larynx
  • fix larynx into position
  • one attachment to structures outside the larynx
138
Q

Attachments of intrinsic muscles in the larynx

A

have both attachments confined to the larynx

139
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

A
  1. Sternothyroid
  2. Thyrohyoid
  3. Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
140
Q

Sternothyroid Characteristics

A
  • Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscle
  • long, slender
  • anterior neck
  • almost completely covered by sternohyoid and omohyoid and lover 1/3 of sternocleidomastoid muscle
141
Q

Sternothyroid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: from the posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum and from the first costal cartilage

Insertion: on the oblique tendon or line of the thyroid cartilage

142
Q

Thryrohyoid Muscle Characteristics

A
  • Extrinsic laryngeal muscle
  • located in the anterior neck
  • covered by the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles
  • greater part of origin on pericardium
143
Q

Thyrohyoid Muscle function

A

decrease the distance between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone

144
Q

Inferior Pharnygeal Constrictor: Characteristics

A
  • muscular tube called the pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, becomes continuous with esophagus
  • fibers that arise form the cricoid have a horizontal course, known as cricopharyngeus muscle
  • fibers that arise from thyroid have oblique upward course
  • Fibers from each side meet at the middle; form a sphincer-like a tube
  • Active during swallowing, for principle resonating cavity of the vocal mechanism
145
Q

Inferior Pharyngeal Contrictor: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: fibers of the lower potion are from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Insertion:….?

146
Q

Digastric Muscle

A

Supra-Hyoid

  • two bellies- anterior & posterior belly
  • meet and are joined by intermediate tendon
  • the tnedon is attached to the junction of the body and the greater horn of the hyoid bone
147
Q

Digastric Muscle Function

A

raises hyoid bone

  • if hyoid is fixed, assists in depression of lower jaw
  • important in early stages of swallow
148
Q

Stylohyoid: characteristics

A

long, slender muscle placed just superficially to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

149
Q

Stylohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: posterior and lateral surface of the styloid process of the temporal bone

Insertion: into the body of the hyoid bone at it’s junction with the greater horn

just prior to reaching the hyoid bone, the muscle splits into 2 slips that pass, on eon either side of the intermediate tendon of the digastric

150
Q

Mylohyoid Muscle: characteristics

A
  • thin, troughlike sheet of muscle that forms the muscular floor of the mouth
  • fibers arise along the extent of the mylohyoid line
  • with the mandible fixed, contraction elevates the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the tongue
151
Q

Geniohyoid Muscle: characteristics

A

paired cylindrical muscle located above the superior surface of the mylohyoid muscle

152
Q

Geniohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: short tendon, from the lower part of the mental symphysis

Diverges slightly back and downward…

Insertion: anterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone

153
Q

Geniohyoid Function:

A

when mandible is fixed, pulls hyoid up and forward

154
Q

Hyoglossus Muscle: characteristics

A
  • extrinsic muscle of the tongue

- influences the position of the larynx indirectly

155
Q

Hyoglussus: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: upper border of the body and greater horns of the hyoid

Insertion: posterior and lateral regions of the tongue

156
Q

Genioglossus: characteristics

A
  • extrinsic muscle of the tongue

- influences the position of the larynx

157
Q

Genioglossus: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: mental symphysis

fibers fan out…

Insertion: into the whole of the undersurface of the tongue

158
Q

Genioglossus: Function:

A

elevates hyoid bone and draws it forward

159
Q

Infrahyoid Muscles: extrinsic, depressors

A

sternohyoid

omohyoid

160
Q

Sternohyoid: characteristics

A

flat muscle lying on the anterior surface of the neck

161
Q

Sternohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum, from the medial end of the clavicle, and from adjacent ligamentous tissue

fibers course vertically

Insertion: on the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone

162
Q

Sternohyoid Function

A

draw the hyoid bone downward and fixes the hyoid bone when the lower jaw is opened against resistance

163
Q

Geniohyoid & Mylohyoid

A

lie in direct contact with one another

164
Q

Omohyoid Muscle: characteristics

A

long, narrow, two bellied muscle located on the anterolateral surface of the neck

165
Q

Omohyoid: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: (post. belly) upper border of the scapula
Insertion: at intermediate tendon

Origin: (sup. belly) intermediate tendon
Insertion: along the lower border of the greater horn of the hyoid, just lateral to the insertion of the sternohyoid muscle

166
Q

Omohyoid Muscle function

A
  • cervical fascia tenser and prevents the neck region from collapsing during deep inspiratory efforts
  • prevents great blood vessels and apexes of lungs from being compressed during inspiration
167
Q

Purpose of Membranes and Ligaments of the Larynx

A

Purpose: connects the laryngeal cartilages with adjacent structures called: extrinsic laryngeal membranes

168
Q

Extrinstic Laryngeal Membranes: list..

A
  1. hyothyroid membrane (thyrohyoid membrane)
  2. paired, lateral hyothyroid ligaments
  3. hyoepiglottic ligaments
  4. cricotracheal ligament/membrane
169
Q

Hyothyroid Membrane

A
  • suspends larynx
  • occupies space between hyoid and superior border of the thyroid cartilage
  • membrane is thickened medially–middle hyothyroid ligament
  • where thickened laterally–lateral hyothyroid ligament
170
Q

triticial cartilage

A

small nodule imbedded in the lateral hyothyroid ligament (grain of wheat)

171
Q

hyoepiglottic ligament

A

unpaired, midline, elastic ligament.

extending from the anterior surface of the epiglottis to the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone

172
Q

cricotracheal membrane

A

inferior to cricoid cartilage (connects it)–with the upper border of first tracheal ring

173
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membranes

A
  • stem from one broad sheet of connective tissue called elastic membrane
  • skips the vocal and ventricular ligament
  • lines the entire larynx
  • lower portion= conus elasticus
  • upper portion= less defined, quadrangular membrane
174
Q

Conus elasticus membrane

A
  • extends from the superior border of the arch and it a midline structure
  • connects the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages
  • extends from superior arch of the cricoid to the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage
  • cavity below vocal folds
  • shaped like a funnel or cone
175
Q

Lateral Cricothyroid membrane

A

Origin: superior border of the cricoid cartilage
-course superiorly and medially
Terminates as free, thickened margins extending from the vocal process of arytenoids to the angel of the thyroid cartilage

  • free margins are known as vocal ligaments
  • makes up the medial portion of the vocal fold
  • thinner than midline ligament
176
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

A
  • larynx is the most complex structures in the entire speech and hearing mechanism
  • larynx is vulnerable, most insults are caused by abuse
  • alcohol, smoking, vocal abuse, inhaling polluted air (abuse)
  • intricate system of intrinsic muscle contribute to the complexity of the larynx
  • categorized according to effects on the shape of glottis and on the vibratory behavior of the VF
  • act in pairs
177
Q

Abductors

A

muscle that separate the arytenoid cartilages and VF for respiratory activites

178
Q

Adductors

A

oppose abductors, approximate the arytenoids and VF for phonation and protection purposes

179
Q

Tensors

A

elongate and tighten the VF

180
Q

Relaxers

A

shorten the VF

181
Q

Two main types of internal laryngeal adjustments which take place

A
  • medial compression
  • longitudinal tension

these two adjustment or a combination of them with variable air supply account for the versatility of the human voice

182
Q

Medial compression

A

extent of force with which VF are brought together at the midline

183
Q

Longitudinal tension

A

degree of stretching force

184
Q

Thyroarytenoid Muscle

A
  • the main mass of the VF is composed of this muscle
  • often describes as consisting of tow separate muscles
  • arises anteriorly from a narrow vertically oriented region of the inner surface of the angel of the thyroid cartilage
185
Q

Vocalis Muscle

A

portion of muscle that inserts along the vocal process

186
Q

Thyromuscularis

A

lateral to the Thyroarytenoid (TA)

187
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles (PCA)

A
  • Abductor
  • only one abductor in the larynx
  • a broad, fan-shaped muscle that originates from a shallow depression of the posterior surface of the cricoid lamina
188
Q

2 Parts of the PCA

A
  1. a lateral vertically directed bundle which comprises most of the muscle mass (abductor)

inserts on upper surface of the muscular process of the arytenoid

  1. medial fan-shaped part
189
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle (LCA)

A
  • Adductor, relaxer
  • most important glottal adductor
  • slightly fan-shaped
  • located deep in the thyroid cartilage
190
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: along the upper border of the anterolateral arch of the cricoid cartilage

Insert: Into muscular process and anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage

191
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle Function

A

adductor
rotates arytenoid, brings vocal processes toward the midline, regulates medial compression, shapes glottis for whisper production

Communication Science (8 decks)

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