Ch1 Introduction Flashcards
Study of skeletal system
osteology
study of articular system
arthrology
study of muscular system
myology
study of digestive system
splanchnology
study of vascular system
angiology
study of nervous system
neurology
study of respiratory system
pulmonology
study of urinary system
urology
study of generative system
gynecology (females)
study of endocrine ssystem
endocrinology
study of integumentary system
dermatology
anatomy
study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
physiology
study of the functions of organisms and the relations of their parts
anterior/ventral
toward the front
posterior/dorsal
toward the back
superior
upper
inferior
lower
cranial/rostral
toward the head
caudal
toward the tail (usually restricted to the trunk)
internal/deep
toward the inner surface
external/superficial
toward the outer surface
medial
toward the axis or midline
lateral
away from the axis or midline
proximal
toward the root of a free extremity
distal
away from the root of a free extremity
dorsal
toward the backbone, away from the front of the body
ventral
away from the backbone, toward the front of body
prone
laying on stomach w/ palms forward
supine
laying on back with palms up
sagittal plane
vertical, longitudinal plane, divides body into left and right
coronal plane
passes through the body dividing it into front and back
transverse plane
passes through the body dividing it into upper and lower sections
cell
-smallest and most structural unit of living matter -highly organized masses of protoplasm -have a lifespan
tissue
large mass of similar cells that perform a specific function
types of elementary tissues
- Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Vascular
Epithelial Tissue
- forms the epidermis -lines the digestive, urinary, and generative systems
Endothelial Tissue
-Lines walls of blood vessels, lymph vessels -no continuity with the epidermis -flat cells (simple squamous) -extremely smooth surface -Found in: neck nodes larynx oral cavity nasal cavity
Mesothelial Tissue
lines internal body cavities peritoneal (abdominal) pleural (lungs) pericardial (heart)
Protoplasm
basic substance that enters into the composition in living cells
Cytoplasm
holds cell’s internal components in place
Plasma membrane
outer membrane of a cell
Organelles
“cell organs” found in cytoplasm
Mitochontria
provides energy to the cell. Power-source
Golgi apparatus
stores materials in a cell, packs for transport
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transports proteins to the golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
“digestion” in a cell
Microtubules & microfilaments
maintains structure in a cell
Centrioles
made of microtubules and helps the cell divide
Examples of Dense Connective Tissues
Tendons, Ligaments & Fascia
Tendons
type of dense connective tissue always associated with a muscle
Ligaments
Type of dense connective tissue tightly packed parallel fibers with elastic fibers join: bone > bone bone > cartilage cartilage > cartilage
Fascia
type of dense connective tissue varies in thickness and density found in sheets responsible for the organization of muscle fibers
Fascia covers….
muscles of mastication, parotid gland, pharynx, neck, thyroid gland, arteries, veins
Elastic Cartilage is found in…
ear, external auditory meatus, epiglotis, auditory tube, larynx
Connective Tissue
binds structures together, support body and aid in bodily maintenence
Types of Connective Tissue
Loose, Dense, & Special
Loose Connective Tissue
(Fat) Distributed throughout the body binds parts together allows considerable movement
Types of Dense Connective Tissues
Collagenous Elastic Reticular
Special Connective Tissue
capable of growth, withstands compression, tears easily
3 types of Cartilage
Hyaline Elastic Fibrous
Hyaline Cartilage description
poor blood supply, changes with age, less transparent with age
Elastic Cartilage description
yellow and opaque, flexible, elastic, rubbery, contains collagenous fibers
Fibrous Cartilage description
most dense cartilage
Bone
Characterized by a rigid matrix
Types of joints
Synarthrodial (immobile) Ampthiarthrodial (slightly yielding) Diarthrodial (freely moving)
Synarthrodial joints
(immobile) fibrous, bones are almost in direct contact, joined by thin intervening tissue
Amphiarthrodial joints
(yielding) found in the skeleton
Diarthrodial joints
(freely moving) broadly represented in the body, variable degrees and directions of free movement
6 Types of Diarthrodial Joints
- Condyloid 2. Gliding 3. Hinge 4. Saddle 5. Ball & Socket 6. Pivot
Striated Muscle
highly vascularized supplied by peripheral nervous system voluntary attaches primarily to skeletal system all but 2 are paired cylindrical shape blunt ends multi-nucleated composed of myofibrils
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary innervated by autonomic nervous system no transverse bands composed of fusiform spindle shaped contains single nucleus contraction is slow and contained
Cardiac Muscle
only in the heart properties of smooth and striated involuntary self-excitable cells contain myofibrils like striated
Muscle
by virtue of it’s ability to contract and elongate, this tissue is the principle mediator in all of our movements
Types of Muscle
Striated, Smooth & Cardiac
Muscle Attachments
Origin & Insertion
Origin of a Muscle
fixed less movement more proximal attachment
Insertion of a Muscle
structure being acted upon, greatest movement
Muscle Strength
force muscle is capable of producing depends on the size of muscle and the # of motor nerves that innervates it
Muscle Fatigue
gradual decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force
Muscle Action
“what does it do?” consequence of muscle action
Nervous Tissue
highly specialized elongated cells extremely irritable respond to environmental changes by changing electrochemical composition
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
EMG
electromyogram—detects and records the bioelectric activity of a muscle
Vascular Tissue
fluid tissues of the body 10% body weight
Corpuscles
cells
Platelets
separated by blood plasma
Blood Plasma
intercellular matrix of vascular tissue
lymph
immediate nutrient plasma of vascular tissue
Vascular Tissue functions:
conveys food and oxygen to all living cells and takes on waste materials generated by cellular activity distributes heat uniformly over the body defends body against disease-producing microorganisms
Organ System
Two or more organs combining for one function
Examples of Organ Systems
Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Vascular Endocrine Reproductive Urinary Nervous Skeletal Articular Muscular
osteology
Study of skeletal system
arthrology
study of articular system
myology
study of muscular system
splanchnology
study of digestive system
angiology
study of vascular system
neurology
study of nervous system
pulmonology
study of respiratory system
urology
study of urinary system
gynecology (females)
study of generative system
endocrinology
study of endocrine ssystem
dermatology
study of integumentary system
study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
anatomy
study of the functions of organisms and the relations of their parts
physiology
toward the front
anterior/ventral
toward the back
posterior/dorsal
upper
superior
lower
inferior
toward the head
cranial/rostral
toward the tail (usually restricted to the trunk)
caudal
toward the inner surface
internal/deep
toward the outer surface
external/superficial
toward the axis or midline
medial
away from the axis or midline
lateral
toward the root of a free extremity
proximal
away from the root of a free extremity
distal
toward the backbone, away from the front of the body
dorsal
away from the backbone, toward the front of body
ventral
laying on stomach w/ palms forward
prone
laying on back with palms up
supine
vertical, longitudinal plane, divides body into left and right
sagittal plane
passes through the body dividing it into front and back
coronal plane
passes through the body dividing it into upper and lower sections
transverse plane
-smallest and most structural unit of living matter -highly organized masses of protoplasm -have a lifespan
cell
large mass of similar cells that perform a specific function
tissue
- Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Vascular
types of elementary tissues
- forms the epidermis -lines the digestive, urinary, and generative systems
Epithelial Tissue
-Lines walls of blood vessels, lymph vessels -no continuity with the epidermis -flat cells (simple squamous) -extremely smooth surface -Found in: neck nodes larynx oral cavity nasal cavity
Endothelial Tissue
lines internal body cavities peritoneal (abdominal) pleural (lungs) pericardial (heart)
Mesothelial Tissue
basic substance that enters into the composition in living cells
Protoplasm
holds cell’s internal components in place
Cytoplasm
outer membrane of a cell
Plasma membrane
“cell organs” found in cytoplasm
Organelles
provides energy to the cell. Power-source
Mitochontria
stores materials in a cell, packs for transport
Golgi apparatus
Transports proteins to the golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
“digestion” in a cell
Lysosomes
maintains structure in a cell
Microtubules & microfilaments
made of microtubules and helps the cell divide
Centrioles
Tendons, Ligaments & Fascia
Examples of Dense Connective Tissues
type of dense connective tissue always associated with a muscle
Tendons
Type of dense connective tissue tightly packed parallel fibers with elastic fibers join: bone > bone bone > cartilage cartilage > cartilage
Ligaments
type of dense connective tissue varies in thickness and density found in sheets responsible for the organization of muscle fibers
Fascia
muscles of mastication, parotid gland, pharynx, neck, thyroid gland, arteries, veins
Fascia covers….
ear, external auditory meatus, epiglotis, auditory tube, larynx
Elastic Cartilage is found in…
binds structures together, support body and aid in bodily maintenence
Connective Tissue
Loose, Dense, & Special
Types of Connective Tissue
(Fat) Distributed throughout the body binds parts together allows considerable movement
Loose Connective Tissue
Collagenous Elastic Reticular
Types of Dense Connective Tissues
capable of growth, withstands compression, tears easily
Special Connective Tissue
Hyaline Elastic Fibrous
3 types of Cartilage
poor blood supply, changes with age, less transparent with age
Hyaline Cartilage description
yellow and opaque, flexible, elastic, rubbery, contains collagenous fibers
Elastic Cartilage description
most dense cartilage
Fibrous Cartilage description
Characterized by a rigid matrix
Bone
Synarthrodial (immobile) Ampthiarthrodial (slightly yielding) Diarthrodial (freely moving)
Types of joints
(immobile) fibrous, bones are almost in direct contact, joined by thin intervening tissue
Synarthrodial joints
(yielding) found in the skeleton
Amphiarthrodial joints
(freely moving) broadly represented in the body, variable degrees and directions of free movement
Diarthrodial joints
- Condyloid 2. Gliding 3. Hinge 4. Saddle 5. Ball & Socket 6. Pivot
6 Types of Diarthrodial Joints
highly vascularized supplied by peripheral nervous system voluntary attaches primarily to skeletal system all but 2 are paired cylindrical shape blunt ends multi-nucleated composed of myofibrils
Striated Muscle
Involuntary innervated by autonomic nervous system no transverse bands composed of fusiform spindle shaped contains single nucleus contraction is slow and contained
Smooth Muscle
only in the heart properties of smooth and striated involuntary self-excitable cells contain myofibrils like striated
Cardiac Muscle
by virtue of it’s ability to contract and elongate, this tissue is the principle mediator in all of our movements
Muscle
Striated, Smooth & Cardiac
Types of Muscle
Origin & Insertion
Muscle Attachments
fixed less movement more proximal attachment
Origin of a Muscle
structure being acted upon, greatest movement
Insertion of a Muscle
force muscle is capable of producing depends on the size of muscle and the # of motor nerves that innervates it
Muscle Strength
gradual decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force
Muscle Fatigue
“what does it do?” consequence of muscle action
Muscle Action
highly specialized elongated cells extremely irritable respond to environmental changes by changing electrochemical composition
Nervous Tissue
Brain and Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
electromyogram—detects and records the bioelectric activity of a muscle
EMG
fluid tissues of the body 10% body weight
Vascular Tissue
cells
Corpuscles
separated by blood plasma
Platelets
intercellular matrix of vascular tissue
Blood Plasma
immediate nutrient plasma of vascular tissue
lymph
conveys food and oxygen to all living cells and takes on waste materials generated by cellular activity distributes heat uniformly over the body defends body against disease-producing microorganisms
Vascular Tissue functions:
Two or more organs combining for one function
Organ System
Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Vascular Endocrine Reproductive Urinary Nervous Skeletal Articular Muscular
Examples of Organ Systems
