Ch2 Respiration Flashcards
Larynx Tissue
mostly stratified squamous epithelium mucus membrane
Vertebral Foramen
offers protection to the spinal cord
Glottic
pertains to the glottis; the variable-sized opening between the vocal folds
Odontoid
shaped like a tood
Pelvic
pertains to the pelvis
Nasal Cavity Tissue
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Tracheal Layers
Fibrous Membranes Smooth Muscle
Axis
Cervical 2 forms a pivot (C1 and skull rotate) landmark large transverse foramen split spinous process (bifurcated) very large vertebral foramen
Lumbo
pertaining to the lumbar region or the vertebral column
Larynx Function
- protective 2. source of voice
Thoracic Vertebrae
serve as points of attachment for the ribs
Parietal
pertains to the wall of a cavity
Osseo-
pertains to bone
Intevertebral discs are composed of:
fibrocartilage
Valvular Action
forceful closing of vocal folds that permits fixation of the chest
Types of Bronchi
Main Stem Bronchi Lobar (Secondary Bronchi) Segmental (Tertiary Bronchi)/ Bronchioles
Sympathetic
Adrenaline
Parasympathetic
Calms down
Where trachea bifurcates
Carina
Costal of Lung
curved surface of the lungs in contact with the ribs and mediastinal surface
During inhalation, muscles….
raise ribs
Pharynx Tissue
columnar epithelium (nasopharynx) non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Pericardium
closed (serious membrane) sac around the heart
Transverse Process of Vertebrae
Paired lateral projections on either side of vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 articular facets on the transverse process and vertebral bodies—provide a point of attachment for the ribs spinous process point down—vertical increase in size
Skeletal framework for respiratory mechanism
Sternum Ribcage
Sternum
breast bone anterior: superior thoracic wall 3 parts: Manbrium Body (Corpus) Xiphoid process
Hilum
Lung Root Depression of slit-like opening through which nerves, ducts, or blood vessels enter and leave the lung serves as point of attachment between lungs and body made up of bronchi, pulmonary arteries, veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Apex of Lung
top of lung rounded, extends beyond upper limits of the thorax above first rib (about 2.5-5 cm)
Diaphragm
inferior to the lungs separates the base of right lung from the bulk of the liver separates the base of left lung from liver, stomach, spleen
Ilio
pertains to the ilium
Peri-
around
2 Types of Pleurae
Costal or parietal= external pleural lining Visceral= inner pleural lining no direct connection to parietal lining, but come together at root
Laminae
root of the neural or vertebral arch of a vertebrae
Thoracic Cavity
Contains 3 chambers 2 Pleural Cavities (lungs) Mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity) Pericardial Cavity (contains the heart)
Middle Mediastinum
contains the heart
Lobes of Left Lung
Superior Inferior
Trachea Tissue
pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (produces mucins)
The Pleurae
encases the lungs and the mediastinum inner surface of thoracic cavity very thin delicate serous membrane continuous with visceral pleurae
Brachial
pertains to the arm or shoulder
Mediastinum
means “what’s in the middle?” bounded on each side by lung/pleural sac divided by imaginary lines (anterior middle posterior superior)
Ribs 11 & 12
Floating Ribs anterior extremities are FREE
Respiratory Tract
lies in thoracic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
largest in humans holds bulk of viscera inferior to thoracic cavity superior to pelvic cavity dome shaped “roof” is thoracic cavity
Lungs are formed by
Bronchi Pulmonary arteries Veins Pulmonary plexus Lymphatic vessels Encircles by connective tissue
Costarum
pertains to the ribs
Base of Lung
inferior to the apex broad concave conforms to the thoracic surface of the diaphragm inferior to the apex
Lungs’ attachments to the body
Root (Hilum) Pulmonary ligaments
During exhalation, muscles…
lower ribs
Alveolar Ducts
open into air sacs of the lung connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs
Spinous Process of Vertebrae
projects posteriorly/dorsally from the neural arch collectively forms the spinal column provides protection provides points of attachment for muscle and ligaments
Ribs 8-10
False Ribs indirectly connect to the sternum (by long costal cartilages)
Cricotracheal Ligament
attaches the larynx to the trachea
Ribs 1-7
True Ribs connect to sternum
Sub-
below or inferior to
Crico-
pertains to the cricoid cartilage
Cavities are…
sealed from eachother
Vertebro-
pertains to the vertebral or spinal column
Parietal Pleurae
exterior pleural lining of the lung
Framework of Respiratory System
Vertebral column 32-33 vertebrae 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 (ossified) Sacrum 3-4 Coccynx
Ventral Cavities
Thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial) Abdominal Pelvic
Cardiac
pertains to the heart
Neural Arch of Vertebrae
aka vertebral arch forms posterior aspect of the vertebral foramen
total area of alveoli in contact with capillary bed
70-90 meters size of a tennis court
-mucins
main component of mucus moistens and protects airways
of Divisions inside the brachial tree
~24
Bronchioles
Tertiary Bronchi 1mm diameter minimize air friction give rise to terminal bronchioles
fibroelastic membrane (on trachea)
in between the rings
Phrenic
pertains to the diaphragm
Lobes of Right Lung
Superior Middle Inferior
Steno-
pertaining to the sternum
Nasal Cavity Structure
air filled space
Pharynx Sections
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
Inter-
between
Vocal Tract
upper respiratory tract
Pelvic Cavity
bound by pelvic bones oblique roof is pelvic inlet lower boundary is pelvic floor contains reproductive organs, pelvic colon, rectum
Sacrum
articulates superiorly with lumbar vertebrae 5 vertebrae ossified together
Larynx Location
extends from C3- C6 position
Oral Cavity function
- Begins digestive tract food intake forms secretions 2. Communication
Spiro-
pertaining to the process of breathing
Lumbar Vertebrae Characteristics
L1-5 Location: Lower Back Corpus: Massive Vertebral Foramen: smallest Spinous process: blunt, broad, points posteriorly transverse process: short Function: support
Anterior Mediastinum
contains mammary vessels and lymph nodes
Posterior Mediastinum
behind the heart part of esophagus, trachea, nerve tracts, blood vessels
Cervical Vertebrae Characteristics
C1-C7 Location: Neck Corpus: small Vertebral Foramen: Large Spinous Process: long, split tip points inferiorly Transverse Process: large transverse foramen Function: support skull; allows controlled head movement
Function of the Pleurae
provide friction surfaces glide on one another with every cycle of breathing protective capacity
Atlas
Cervical 1 weight bearing no body large superior articular surface (skull rests on it) no spinous process resembles a ring large transverse foramen (large nerves from brainstem)
Trachea Function
provides air flow to and from the lungs
Lower Respiratory Tract
structures inferior to the larynx
Trachea Location
Extends from C6 to the Main Stem Bronchi
The Alveoli
7 million small depression facilitates rapid exchange of O2 > CO2 made of type I & II epithelial cells (moist) air-liquid interface (surface tension)
Trachea Structure
Hyaline cartilage 11-12 cm in length 2-2.5 cm in diameter 16-20 horseshoe shaped rings 1st ring slightly larger than the rest last ring bifurcates
Costal
pertains to the ribs
Main Stem Bronchi
connect trachea to the lung about 1/2 diameter of trachea
Lungs
paired, irregular, coned shaped structures composed of spongy, porous, high elastic material, smooth muscle 1/4 to 1/3 elasticity is due to lung properties (spongy) other elasticity by alveoli
Sacral
pertains to the sacrum
Rib Cage
12 pairs 1-7 true ribs (progressively larger) articulate posteriorly with vertebral column 8-12 (progressively smaller) barrel shaped
-clavius
pertains to the clavicle
Structure of the Pleurae
composed of single layer of squamous mesothelial cells rests on a delicate connective tissue membrane highly vascular contain lymphatics and nerves very delicate invests lungs—contours closely
Pectoral
pertains to the chest
Vertebral Pedicles
Legs walls vertebral arch arises from posterior and lateral walls of the body project posteriorly
Chondro
pertains to cartilage
Nasal Cavity Function
Conditions are to be received air is warmed or cooled within 1 degree of body temperature air is humidified dust and other particles are removed
Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics
T1-12 Location: Chest Corpus: Medium Vertebral Foramen: smaller than cervical Spinous process: long, slender, no split tip, points inferiorly Transverse process: all have rib faces Function: supports head/neck, upper limps, chest, articulates with ribs allowing changes in volume of thoracic cage
During breathing, thoracic cavity increases in….
Vertical dimension, transverse dimension, anterior-posterior dimension
Intervertebral Disks
Joined at their surfaces to thin layers of hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage covers upper and lower surfaces amphiarthrodial joint (yielding)