Ch2 Respiration Flashcards
Larynx Tissue
mostly stratified squamous epithelium mucus membrane
Vertebral Foramen
offers protection to the spinal cord
Glottic
pertains to the glottis; the variable-sized opening between the vocal folds
Odontoid
shaped like a tood
Pelvic
pertains to the pelvis
Nasal Cavity Tissue
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Tracheal Layers
Fibrous Membranes Smooth Muscle
Axis
Cervical 2 forms a pivot (C1 and skull rotate) landmark large transverse foramen split spinous process (bifurcated) very large vertebral foramen
Lumbo
pertaining to the lumbar region or the vertebral column
Larynx Function
- protective 2. source of voice
Thoracic Vertebrae
serve as points of attachment for the ribs
Parietal
pertains to the wall of a cavity
Osseo-
pertains to bone
Intevertebral discs are composed of:
fibrocartilage
Valvular Action
forceful closing of vocal folds that permits fixation of the chest
Types of Bronchi
Main Stem Bronchi Lobar (Secondary Bronchi) Segmental (Tertiary Bronchi)/ Bronchioles
Sympathetic
Adrenaline
Parasympathetic
Calms down
Where trachea bifurcates
Carina
Costal of Lung
curved surface of the lungs in contact with the ribs and mediastinal surface
During inhalation, muscles….
raise ribs
Pharynx Tissue
columnar epithelium (nasopharynx) non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Pericardium
closed (serious membrane) sac around the heart
Transverse Process of Vertebrae
Paired lateral projections on either side of vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 articular facets on the transverse process and vertebral bodies—provide a point of attachment for the ribs spinous process point down—vertical increase in size
Skeletal framework for respiratory mechanism
Sternum Ribcage
Sternum
breast bone anterior: superior thoracic wall 3 parts: Manbrium Body (Corpus) Xiphoid process
Hilum
Lung Root Depression of slit-like opening through which nerves, ducts, or blood vessels enter and leave the lung serves as point of attachment between lungs and body made up of bronchi, pulmonary arteries, veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Apex of Lung
top of lung rounded, extends beyond upper limits of the thorax above first rib (about 2.5-5 cm)
Diaphragm
inferior to the lungs separates the base of right lung from the bulk of the liver separates the base of left lung from liver, stomach, spleen
Ilio
pertains to the ilium
Peri-
around
2 Types of Pleurae
Costal or parietal= external pleural lining Visceral= inner pleural lining no direct connection to parietal lining, but come together at root
Laminae
root of the neural or vertebral arch of a vertebrae
Thoracic Cavity
Contains 3 chambers 2 Pleural Cavities (lungs) Mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity) Pericardial Cavity (contains the heart)
Middle Mediastinum
contains the heart
Lobes of Left Lung
Superior Inferior
Trachea Tissue
pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (produces mucins)
The Pleurae
encases the lungs and the mediastinum inner surface of thoracic cavity very thin delicate serous membrane continuous with visceral pleurae
Brachial
pertains to the arm or shoulder
Mediastinum
means “what’s in the middle?” bounded on each side by lung/pleural sac divided by imaginary lines (anterior middle posterior superior)
Ribs 11 & 12
Floating Ribs anterior extremities are FREE
Respiratory Tract
lies in thoracic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
largest in humans holds bulk of viscera inferior to thoracic cavity superior to pelvic cavity dome shaped “roof” is thoracic cavity
Lungs are formed by
Bronchi Pulmonary arteries Veins Pulmonary plexus Lymphatic vessels Encircles by connective tissue
Costarum
pertains to the ribs
Base of Lung
inferior to the apex broad concave conforms to the thoracic surface of the diaphragm inferior to the apex
Lungs’ attachments to the body
Root (Hilum) Pulmonary ligaments
During exhalation, muscles…
lower ribs
Alveolar Ducts
open into air sacs of the lung connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs
Spinous Process of Vertebrae
projects posteriorly/dorsally from the neural arch collectively forms the spinal column provides protection provides points of attachment for muscle and ligaments
Ribs 8-10
False Ribs indirectly connect to the sternum (by long costal cartilages)
Cricotracheal Ligament
attaches the larynx to the trachea
Ribs 1-7
True Ribs connect to sternum
Sub-
below or inferior to
Crico-
pertains to the cricoid cartilage
Cavities are…
sealed from eachother
Vertebro-
pertains to the vertebral or spinal column
Parietal Pleurae
exterior pleural lining of the lung
Framework of Respiratory System
Vertebral column 32-33 vertebrae 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 (ossified) Sacrum 3-4 Coccynx
Ventral Cavities
Thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial) Abdominal Pelvic
Cardiac
pertains to the heart
Neural Arch of Vertebrae
aka vertebral arch forms posterior aspect of the vertebral foramen
total area of alveoli in contact with capillary bed
70-90 meters size of a tennis court
-mucins
main component of mucus moistens and protects airways
of Divisions inside the brachial tree
~24
Bronchioles
Tertiary Bronchi 1mm diameter minimize air friction give rise to terminal bronchioles
fibroelastic membrane (on trachea)
in between the rings
Phrenic
pertains to the diaphragm
Lobes of Right Lung
Superior Middle Inferior
Steno-
pertaining to the sternum
Nasal Cavity Structure
air filled space
Pharynx Sections
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
Inter-
between
Vocal Tract
upper respiratory tract
Pelvic Cavity
bound by pelvic bones oblique roof is pelvic inlet lower boundary is pelvic floor contains reproductive organs, pelvic colon, rectum
Sacrum
articulates superiorly with lumbar vertebrae 5 vertebrae ossified together
Larynx Location
extends from C3- C6 position
Oral Cavity function
- Begins digestive tract food intake forms secretions 2. Communication
Spiro-
pertaining to the process of breathing
Lumbar Vertebrae Characteristics
L1-5 Location: Lower Back Corpus: Massive Vertebral Foramen: smallest Spinous process: blunt, broad, points posteriorly transverse process: short Function: support
Anterior Mediastinum
contains mammary vessels and lymph nodes
Posterior Mediastinum
behind the heart part of esophagus, trachea, nerve tracts, blood vessels
Cervical Vertebrae Characteristics
C1-C7 Location: Neck Corpus: small Vertebral Foramen: Large Spinous Process: long, split tip points inferiorly Transverse Process: large transverse foramen Function: support skull; allows controlled head movement
Function of the Pleurae
provide friction surfaces glide on one another with every cycle of breathing protective capacity
Atlas
Cervical 1 weight bearing no body large superior articular surface (skull rests on it) no spinous process resembles a ring large transverse foramen (large nerves from brainstem)
Trachea Function
provides air flow to and from the lungs
Lower Respiratory Tract
structures inferior to the larynx
Trachea Location
Extends from C6 to the Main Stem Bronchi
The Alveoli
7 million small depression facilitates rapid exchange of O2 > CO2 made of type I & II epithelial cells (moist) air-liquid interface (surface tension)
Trachea Structure
Hyaline cartilage 11-12 cm in length 2-2.5 cm in diameter 16-20 horseshoe shaped rings 1st ring slightly larger than the rest last ring bifurcates
Costal
pertains to the ribs
Main Stem Bronchi
connect trachea to the lung about 1/2 diameter of trachea
Lungs
paired, irregular, coned shaped structures composed of spongy, porous, high elastic material, smooth muscle 1/4 to 1/3 elasticity is due to lung properties (spongy) other elasticity by alveoli
Sacral
pertains to the sacrum
Rib Cage
12 pairs 1-7 true ribs (progressively larger) articulate posteriorly with vertebral column 8-12 (progressively smaller) barrel shaped
-clavius
pertains to the clavicle
Structure of the Pleurae
composed of single layer of squamous mesothelial cells rests on a delicate connective tissue membrane highly vascular contain lymphatics and nerves very delicate invests lungs—contours closely
Pectoral
pertains to the chest
Vertebral Pedicles
Legs walls vertebral arch arises from posterior and lateral walls of the body project posteriorly
Chondro
pertains to cartilage
Nasal Cavity Function
Conditions are to be received air is warmed or cooled within 1 degree of body temperature air is humidified dust and other particles are removed
Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics
T1-12 Location: Chest Corpus: Medium Vertebral Foramen: smaller than cervical Spinous process: long, slender, no split tip, points inferiorly Transverse process: all have rib faces Function: supports head/neck, upper limps, chest, articulates with ribs allowing changes in volume of thoracic cage
During breathing, thoracic cavity increases in….
Vertical dimension, transverse dimension, anterior-posterior dimension
Intervertebral Disks
Joined at their surfaces to thin layers of hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage covers upper and lower surfaces amphiarthrodial joint (yielding)
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharynx Larynx
Coccynx
Tailbone 3-4 fused vestigial vertebrae articulate with sacrum by means of small intervertebral disc
Vertebral Corpus
Body, unpaired, located anteriorly
Intra-
within or inside of
Right Bronchus
divides into 3 secondary bronchi (1/lobe) secondary bronchi divides into 10 bronchioles
Inferior Surface of lung
under the surface of the lung
Cervical Vertebrae
There are 7 (including atlas and axis) contain a foramen to provide for a passage of arteries, veins and nerves provide points of attachment for muscle and ligaments
Serratus
having a saw tooth or jagged appearanc
Cartilaginous portion of Trachea
provides rigidity; prevents collapse
Visceral Pleurae
interior pleural lining of the lung
Organs located in the Mediastinum
heart, aorta, thymus gland, chest portion of the trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, important nerves
Pulmo-
pertains to the lungs
Pharynx Structure
made up of three constructor muscles and two longitudinal muscles
Oral Cavity Tissue
stratified squamous epithelium (protects against abrasion)
Larynx Structure
Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage
Alveolar sacs
terminal dialation of the alveolar ducts small air chambers in the pulmonary tissue project like bays into which an alveolar duct opens
Pulmonary Ligament
serves as an attachment of the lungs to the mediastinum
Ligaments and membranes of the Trachea
provide flexibility and mobility permits stretching, twisting, compression
Dorsi-
pertains to the back
Left Bronchus
divides into 2 secondary brochi (1/lobe) secondary bronchi divides into 8 bronchioles
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 very large massive bodies (weight bearing) distinctive: lack articular facets spinous process: horizontal
Terminal Bronchioles
communicate with the alveolar ducts
Oral Cavity Structure
bounded by alveolar process
Tracheal
pertains to the trachea
Main Stem Bronchi Structure
imperfect cartilaginous rings bound by fibroelastic tissue invested completely in smooth muscle lined in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium walls contain elastic and glandular tissue
Respiratory Organ
Lungs
Jeopardy
mostly stratified squamous epithelium mucus membrane
Larynx Tissue
Jeopardy
offers protection to the spinal cord
Vertebral Foramen
Jeopardy
pertains to the glottis; the variable-sized opening between the vocal folds
Glottic
Jeopardy
shaped like a tood
Odontoid
Jeopardy
pertains to the pelvis
Pelvic
Jeopardy
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Nasal Cavity Tissue
Jeopardy
Fibrous Membranes Smooth Muscle
Tracheal Layers
Jeopardy
Cervical 2 forms a pivot (C1 and skull rotate) landmark large transverse foramen split spinous process (bifurcated) very large vertebral foramen
Axis
Jeopardy
pertaining to the lumbar region or the vertebral column
Lumbo
Jeopardy
- protective 2. source of voice
Larynx Function
Jeopardy
serve as points of attachment for the ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae
Jeopardy
pertains to the wall of a cavity
Parietal
Jeopardy
pertains to bone
Osseo-
Jeopardy
fibrocartilage
Intevertebral discs are composed of:
Jeopardy
forceful closing of vocal folds that permits fixation of the chest
Valvular Action
Jeopardy
Main Stem Bronchi Lobar (Secondary Bronchi) Segmental (Tertiary Bronchi)/ Bronchioles
Types of Bronchi
Jeopardy
Adrenaline
Sympathetic
Jeopardy
Calms down
Parasympathetic
Jeopardy
Carina
Where trachea bifurcates
Jeopardy
curved surface of the lungs in contact with the ribs and mediastinal surface
Costal of Lung
Jeopardy
raise ribs
During inhalation, muscles….
Jeopardy
columnar epithelium (nasopharynx) non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Pharynx Tissue
Jeopardy
closed (serious membrane) sac around the heart
Pericardium
Jeopardy
Paired lateral projections on either side of vertebrae
Transverse Process of Vertebrae
Jeopardy
12 articular facets on the transverse process and vertebral bodies—provide a point of attachment for the ribs spinous process point down—vertical increase in size
Thoracic Vertebrae
Jeopardy
Sternum Ribcage
Skeletal framework for respiratory mechanism
Jeopardy
breast bone anterior: superior thoracic wall 3 parts: Manbrium Body (Corpus) Xiphoid process
Sternum
Jeopardy
Lung Root Depression of slit-like opening through which nerves, ducts, or blood vessels enter and leave the lung serves as point of attachment between lungs and body made up of bronchi, pulmonary arteries, veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Hilum
Jeopardy
top of lung rounded, extends beyond upper limits of the thorax above first rib (about 2.5-5 cm)
Apex of Lung
Jeopardy
inferior to the lungs separates the base of right lung from the bulk of the liver separates the base of left lung from liver, stomach, spleen
Diaphragm
Jeopardy
pertains to the ilium
Ilio
Jeopardy
around
Peri-
Jeopardy
Costal or parietal= external pleural lining Visceral= inner pleural lining no direct connection to parietal lining, but come together at root
2 Types of Pleurae
Jeopardy
root of the neural or vertebral arch of a vertebrae
Laminae
Jeopardy
Contains 3 chambers 2 Pleural Cavities (lungs) Mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity) Pericardial Cavity (contains the heart)
Thoracic Cavity
Jeopardy
contains the heart
Middle Mediastinum
Jeopardy
Superior Inferior
Lobes of Left Lung
Jeopardy
pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (produces mucins)
Trachea Tissue
Jeopardy
encases the lungs and the mediastinum inner surface of thoracic cavity very thin delicate serous membrane continuous with visceral pleurae
The Pleurae
Jeopardy
pertains to the arm or shoulder
Brachial
Jeopardy
means “what’s in the middle?” bounded on each side by lung/pleural sac divided by imaginary lines (anterior middle posterior superior)
Mediastinum
Jeopardy
Floating Ribs anterior extremities are FREE
Ribs 11 & 12
Jeopardy
lies in thoracic cavity
Respiratory Tract
Jeopardy
largest in humans holds bulk of viscera inferior to thoracic cavity superior to pelvic cavity dome shaped “roof” is thoracic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Jeopardy
Bronchi Pulmonary arteries Veins Pulmonary plexus Lymphatic vessels Encircles by connective tissue
Lungs are formed by
Jeopardy
pertains to the ribs
Costarum
Jeopardy
inferior to the apex broad concave conforms to the thoracic surface of the diaphragm inferior to the apex
Base of Lung
Jeopardy
Root (Hilum) Pulmonary ligaments
Lungs’ attachments to the body
Jeopardy
lower ribs
During exhalation, muscles…
Jeopardy
open into air sacs of the lung connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs
Alveolar Ducts
Jeopardy
projects posteriorly/dorsally from the neural arch collectively forms the spinal column provides protection provides points of attachment for muscle and ligaments
Spinous Process of Vertebrae
Jeopardy
False Ribs indirectly connect to the sternum (by long costal cartilages)
Ribs 8-10
Jeopardy
attaches the larynx to the trachea
Cricotracheal Ligament
Jeopardy
True Ribs connect to sternum
Ribs 1-7
Jeopardy
below or inferior to
Sub-
Jeopardy
pertains to the cricoid cartilage
Crico-
Jeopardy
sealed from eachother
Cavities are…
Jeopardy
pertains to the vertebral or spinal column
Vertebro-
Jeopardy
exterior pleural lining of the lung
Parietal Pleurae
Jeopardy
Vertebral column 32-33 vertebrae 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 (ossified) Sacrum 3-4 Coccynx
Framework of Respiratory System
Jeopardy
Thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial) Abdominal Pelvic
Ventral Cavities
Jeopardy
pertains to the heart
Cardiac
Jeopardy
aka vertebral arch forms posterior aspect of the vertebral foramen
Neural Arch of Vertebrae
Jeopardy
70-90 meters size of a tennis court
total area of alveoli in contact with capillary bed
Jeopardy
main component of mucus moistens and protects airways
-mucins
Jeopardy
~24
of Divisions inside the brachial tree
Jeopardy
Tertiary Bronchi 1mm diameter minimize air friction give rise to terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles
Jeopardy
in between the rings
fibroelastic membrane (on trachea)
Jeopardy
pertains to the diaphragm
Phrenic
Jeopardy
Superior Middle Inferior
Lobes of Right Lung
Jeopardy
pertaining to the sternum
Steno-
Jeopardy
air filled space
Nasal Cavity Structure
Jeopardy
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
Pharynx Sections
Jeopardy
between
Inter-
Jeopardy
upper respiratory tract
Vocal Tract
Jeopardy
bound by pelvic bones oblique roof is pelvic inlet lower boundary is pelvic floor contains reproductive organs, pelvic colon, rectum
Pelvic Cavity
Jeopardy
articulates superiorly with lumbar vertebrae 5 vertebrae ossified together
Sacrum
Jeopardy
extends from C3- C6 position
Larynx Location
Jeopardy
- Begins digestive tract food intake forms secretions 2. Communication
Oral Cavity function
Jeopardy
pertaining to the process of breathing
Spiro-
Jeopardy
L1-5 Location: Lower Back Corpus: Massive Vertebral Foramen: smallest Spinous process: blunt, broad, points posteriorly transverse process: short Function: support
Lumbar Vertebrae Characteristics
Jeopardy
contains mammary vessels and lymph nodes
Anterior Mediastinum
Jeopardy
behind the heart part of esophagus, trachea, nerve tracts, blood vessels
Posterior Mediastinum
Jeopardy
C1-C7 Location: Neck Corpus: small Vertebral Foramen: Large Spinous Process: long, split tip points inferiorly Transverse Process: large transverse foramen Function: support skull; allows controlled head movement
Cervical Vertebrae Characteristics
Jeopardy
provide friction surfaces glide on one another with every cycle of breathing protective capacity
Function of the Pleurae
Jeopardy
Cervical 1 weight bearing no body large superior articular surface (skull rests on it) no spinous process resembles a ring large transverse foramen (large nerves from brainstem)
Atlas
Jeopardy
provides air flow to and from the lungs
Trachea Function
Jeopardy
structures inferior to the larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Jeopardy
Extends from C6 to the Main Stem Bronchi
Trachea Location
Jeopardy
7 million small depression facilitates rapid exchange of O2 > CO2 made of type I & II epithelial cells (moist) air-liquid interface (surface tension)
The Alveoli
Jeopardy
Hyaline cartilage 11-12 cm in length 2-2.5 cm in diameter 16-20 horseshoe shaped rings 1st ring slightly larger than the rest last ring bifurcates
Trachea Structure
Jeopardy
pertains to the ribs
Costal
Jeopardy
connect trachea to the lung about 1/2 diameter of trachea
Main Stem Bronchi
Jeopardy
paired, irregular, coned shaped structures composed of spongy, porous, high elastic material, smooth muscle 1/4 to 1/3 elasticity is due to lung properties (spongy) other elasticity by alveoli
Lungs
Jeopardy
pertains to the sacrum
Sacral
Jeopardy
12 pairs 1-7 true ribs (progressively larger) articulate posteriorly with vertebral column 8-12 (progressively smaller) barrel shaped
Rib Cage
Jeopardy
pertains to the clavicle
-clavius
Jeopardy
composed of single layer of squamous mesothelial cells rests on a delicate connective tissue membrane highly vascular contain lymphatics and nerves very delicate invests lungs—contours closely
Structure of the Pleurae
Jeopardy
pertains to the chest
Pectoral
Jeopardy
Legs walls vertebral arch arises from posterior and lateral walls of the body project posteriorly
Vertebral Pedicles
Jeopardy
pertains to cartilage
Chondro
Jeopardy
Conditions are to be received air is warmed or cooled within 1 degree of body temperature air is humidified dust and other particles are removed
Nasal Cavity Function
Jeopardy
T1-12 Location: Chest Corpus: Medium Vertebral Foramen: smaller than cervical Spinous process: long, slender, no split tip, points inferiorly Transverse process: all have rib faces Function: supports head/neck, upper limps, chest, articulates with ribs allowing changes in volume of thoracic cage
Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics
Jeopardy
Vertical dimension, transverse dimension, anterior-posterior dimension
During breathing, thoracic cavity increases in….
Jeopardy
Joined at their surfaces to thin layers of hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage covers upper and lower surfaces amphiarthrodial joint (yielding)
Intervertebral Disks
Jeopardy
Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharynx Larynx
Upper Respiratory Tract
Jeopardy
Tailbone 3-4 fused vestigial vertebrae articulate with sacrum by means of small intervertebral disc
Coccynx
Jeopardy
Body, unpaired, located anteriorly
Vertebral Corpus
Jeopardy
divides into 3 secondary bronchi (1/lobe) secondary bronchi divides into 10 bronchioles
Right Bronchus
Jeopardy
within or inside of
Intra-
Jeopardy
within or inside of
Intra-
Jeopardy
under the surface of the lung
Inferior Surface of lung
Jeopardy
There are 7 (including atlas and axis) contain a foramen to provide for a passage of arteries, veins and nerves provide points of attachment for muscle and ligaments
Cervical Vertebrae
Jeopardy
having a saw tooth or jagged appearanc
Serratus
Jeopardy
provides rigidity; prevents collapse
Cartilaginous portion of Trachea
Jeopardy
interior pleural lining of the lung
Visceral Pleurae
Jeopardy
heart, aorta, thymus gland, chest portion of the trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, important nerves
Organs located in the Mediastinum
Jeopardy
pertains to the lungs
Pulmo-
Jeopardy
made up of three constructor muscles and two longitudinal muscles
Pharynx Structure
Jeopardy
stratified squamous epithelium (protects against abrasion)
Oral Cavity Tissue
Jeopardy
Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage
Larynx Structure
Jeopardy
terminal dialation of the alveolar ducts small air chambers in the pulmonary tissue project like bays into which an alveolar duct opens
Alveolar sacs
Jeopardy
serves as an attachment of the lungs to the mediastinum
Pulmonary Ligament
Jeopardy
provide flexibility and mobility permits stretching, twisting, compression
Ligaments and membranes of the Trachea
Jeopardy
pertains to the back
Dorsi-
Jeopardy
divides into 2 secondary brochi (1/lobe) secondary bronchi divides into 8 bronchioles
Left Bronchus
Jeopardy
5 very large massive bodies (weight bearing) distinctive: lack articular facets spinous process: horizontal
Lumbar Vertebrae
Jeopardy
communicate with the alveolar ducts
Terminal Bronchioles
Jeopardy
bounded by alveolar process
Oral Cavity Structure
Jeopardy
pertains to the trachea
Tracheal
Jeopardy
imperfect cartilaginous rings bound by fibroelastic tissue invested completely in smooth muscle lined in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium walls contain elastic and glandular tissue
Main Stem Bronchi Structure
Jeopardy
Lungs
Respiratory Organ
Hyaline Cartilage is found in…
ribs, nose, larynx, trachea
