Articulation III Flashcards
The tongue
- primary articulator
- most imporatant
- most active
- modifies shape and size of oral cavity
- changes resonance characteristics
- functions as a valve
- noise generator
Biological function of the tongue:
- taste
- mastication (chewing)
- deglutition (swallowing)
The Tongue:
mucous membrane-
outer covering of the tongue
The tongue:
corium or dermis-
dense felt like network of fibrous connective tissue leverally supplied with elastic fibers…can be traced through the lingual musculature to the fibrous midline septum of the tongue
forms the “skeleton” of the tongue
a layer of connective tissue
just below the epidermis
2 anatomical divisions of the tongue
Body- portion of the tongue beneath the hard palate
root or base- behind the hard palate
4 divisions of the tongue
- tip
- blade
- front
- back
Tip of tongue
nearest to the front of teeth
blade of tongue
just below the upper alveolar ridge (body, dorsum)
front of tongue
beneath the hard palate
back of tongue
beneath the soft palate
tongue is divided into _______ from front to back
longitudinal medial sulcus
Foramen secum
pit at the posterior end of the longitudinal sulcus
sulcus terminalis
“V” shaped groove courses anteriorly and laterally to the margins of the tongue
Divided the tongue into ORAL and PHARYNGEAL portions
Palatine surface of tongue
portion under the soft palate; characterized by projections called papillae
papillae
thickly distributed over entire 2/3 of dorsum of tongue
surface characteristic: roughness
vallate of circumvallate papillae
10, form a “V” shaped row on the dorsum of the tongue just anterior to the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis
Pharyngeal surface of the tongue=
base/root of the tongue
posterior to the sulcus terminalis
still in the oropharynx
smoother than palatine portion
Lingual Tonsils
made up by lymph glands
make up pharyngeal surface
posterior 1/3
Lingual frenulum
extends from the floor of the mouth at the midline to the underside of the tongue
Deep Structures of the tongue
8 or 9 muscles of the tongue
divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups
median septum
divides tongue into longitudinal halves therefore the muscles of the tongue are considered PAIRED
individually supplied by motor and sensory nerves and blood vessels
Tongue: Intrinsic Muscles (4)
- Superior Longitudinal
- Inferior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
Tongue: Intrinsic:
Superior Longitudinal Muscle
O: sub-mucous fibrous tissue “close to the root”
I: not quiet to the tip…terminate in the fibrous membrane
- thin layer of oblique and longitudinal muscle fibers
- just deep to the mucous membrane of the dorsum of tongue
Tongue: Intrinsic:
Superior Longitudinal Muscle
“substantial” portion of the tongue; confined to median portion of the tongue
muscle tends to shorten
turn the tip upward
oblique fibers assist in turning ht lateral margins upward giving dorsum concave or trough-like appearance
Tongue: Intrinsic:
Inferior Longitudinal Muscle
O: root of the tongue (some from hyoid bone)
I: apex of the tongue
F: shortens the tongue or pulls tip upward
-consists of bundle of muscle fibers on the undersurface of the tongue…somewhat laterally
Tongue: Intrinsic:
Transverse Muscle
O: median fibrous septum
I: sub-mucous fibrous tissue at the lateral margins of the tongue
F: tongue to narrow and become elongated
-fibers= radiate somewhat on the lateral aspect of the tongue…fanlike distribution
Tongue: Intrinsic:
Vertical Muscle
O: mucous membrane of the dorsum of the tongue
I: sides and inferior surface of the tongue
F: flattens the tongue
confined to lateral portion of the tongue
highly developed anteriorly
Extrinsic Tongue Muscles (4)
- Genioglossus
- Styloglossus
- Palatoglossus
- Hyoglossus
Tongue: Extrinsic:
Genioglossus
O: superior mental spine (posterior mental spine of the mandibular symphysis)
I: lower attach to thin aponeurosis to upper part of hyoid bone; others radiate to dorsum of tongue…submucous fibrous tissue on either side of midline…extends from root to tip
forms bulk of tongue tissue
strongest and largest of the extrinsic muscles
flat, triangular
Posterior fibers of genioglossus
draw whole tongue anteriorly to protrude the tip from the mouth
press teeth and alveolar ridges
Contraction of anterior fibers of genioglossus
retraction of tongue
Contraction of entire genioglossus muscle
draws tongue downward (makes a trough)
Tongue: Extrinsic:
Styloglossus
O: anterior and lateral surface of the styloid process and stylomandibular ligament
I: near dorsum of tongue and interdigitate with inferior longitudinal muscle; others overlap and blend with Hyoglossus
-fan-shaped, smallest of the muscles that arise from the styloid process
Tongue: Extrinsic:
Styloglossus (description)
F: draws tongue upward and backward
- true antagonist of the genioglossus muscle
- draws sides upward
- assists intrinsic muscles in making dorsum concave or trough-like
Tongue: Extrinsic:
Palatoglossus Muscle
AKA glossopalatine muscle
O: anterior surface of soft palate
I: sides of tongue
F: lower soft palate or raise back of the tongue to groove dorsum
- muscles of the tongue or the palate
- blend with transverse lingual, Styloglossus and Hyoglossus muscles
- forms palatoglossal arch (anterior faucial pillar)
Tongue: Extrinsic:
Hyoglossus Muscle
Function: Retract and depress the tongue, elevate the hyoid bone
O: upper border of the greater cornu and corpus of the hyoid bone
I: lateral sub-mucous tissue of the posterior half of the tongue
-becomes continuous with the Palatoglossus; others interlace with Styloglossus
-another small bundle…
O: lesser cornu and uniton of the fibers at the corpus and greater horn
I: Intrinsic sides of the tongue…and tip of the tongue (Chontrolossus)
-thin quadrilateral sheet
tongue positions and configurations are mediated by
lingual musculature & lower jaw movement
contractions of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
Tongue: Motor Control
Posterior Genioglossus
contracts to move tongue anteriorly (produce high vowels)
Tongue: Motor Control
Ballistic Movement
sudden contractions of single muscles that cease abruptly before the movement ceases
Tongue: Motor Control
Movement of the tongue:
complex pattern of finely graded changes in activity…one or two muscle produce most movement.
others cooperate…stabilize adjacent structures…oppose movement
Tongue: Articulatory parameters (7)
- Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tongue body
- Vertical upward-downward movement of tongue body
- Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tip-blade
- Vertical upward-downward movement of the tip-blade
- Transverse cross-sectional configurations of the tongue body, convex-concave plate
- Transverse cross-sectional configuration extending thoughout the whole length of the tongue, particularly the tip and blade-degree of central grooving
- surface plane of the tongue dorsum-spread or tapered
Tongue: Articulatory parameters
Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tongue body=
production of low-back vowels
Posterior Genioglossus
Tongue: Articulatory paramenters
Vertical upward-downward movement of tongue body=
palatal consonants and central vowels
Styloglossus and Palatoglossus
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tip-blade
Retroflex “err”
Transverse and Posterior Geniohyoid
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Vertical upward-downward movement of the tip-blade
superior longitudinal
ee, t, n, s
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Transverse Cross-sectional configuration of the tongue body, convex-concave palate
styloglossus, palatoglossus, and transverse…protagonists for /t/
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Transverse cross-sectional configuration extending throughout the whole length of the tongue, particularly the tip and blade- degree of central groovine
/s/ sound
Transverse and vertical muscles
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Surface plane of the tongue dorsume - spread or tapered…
/t/, s, l, i e
transverse and hyoglossus
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Vowels
least complex
1,2
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Alveolar stope consonants: parameters…
1,2,3,4,7
Tongue: Articulatory Parameters
Grooved fricatives /s/:
maximum participation of all articulatory parameters
The mandible:
Jaw’s primary movements:
elevation and depression
protrustion and retractions, lateral (grinding)…combined movements
The mandible articulates with…
the temporal bone at the glenoid fossa…forms TMJ
Only truely moveable bone in the face
Condyle of the mandible and the mandibular of glenoid fossa of the temporal bone…creates the joing,,,lines by articulat or meniscus disc…the joint allows moemenet in 3 planes…vertical, A-P (protrusion/retraction), horizontal
diarthrodial joint (Temporal Mandibular Joint)
TMJ moves in 3 Planes
Vertical
Anteroposterial
Horizontal
The Mandible: Ligaments
- Temporomandibular or lateral ligament
- Sphenomandibular ligament
- Stylomandibular ligament
Function: stabilize TMJ
Mandibular movements influence
lip posture tongue position oral cavity configuration changes in pharyngeal cavity dimensions laryngeal height
The Palate
modifies the degree of coupling between the nasal pharynx and the remainder of the Vocal Tract
fixed body plate in front
muscular valve behind
The Palate’s 3 Parts:
- Hard Palate (bony)
- Alveolar arch (tooth bearing process of the maxillae)
- Soft Palate (Muscular)
(HAS)
Palate: Hard Palate
Formed by medial projections of the palatine processes of the maxillae
- articulate midline
- contribute to 3/4 of the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity
Palatine processes (PP):
thicker in front…blend with alveolar arch
Posteriorly Palatine Processes
articulates with horizontal plates of the paired palatine bones: posterior 1/4 of the hard palate…horizontal plates are free…form the posterior nasal spine
Palate: Hard Palate: Rugae
an area where the membrane is very well developed and is just posterior to the alveolar arch
- facilitates lingua-palatal articulation
- may burn this if eating hot pizza
floor of nasal cavity=
inferior meatus
Palate: Soft Palate:
Palatoglossus
- Paired
- sometimes thought of as a pharyngeal muscle or muscle of the tongue
- EXTRINSIC muscle of the tongue
- makes up the anterior faucial pillar*
- depresses the soft palate
- if palate is fixed…raises sides and back of tongue
- semi-circular
- acts like a sphincter
- decreases the distance between the Palatoglossal arches
Palate: Soft Palate:
Palatopharyngeus
- Muscle of the soft palate AND a “longitudinal” muscle of the pharynx
O: rises from the soft palate…continuous with those on opposite side - other fibers rise in the region of the Pterygoid hamulus
- others from the cartilage of the auditory tube…make up the salpingopharyngeus
- divide into two fasciculi (bundles)
Palatopharyngeus Function:
guide bolus of food into lower pharynx during deglutition
acts as a sphincter to lower the palate and decrease distance betweenthe palatopharyngeal arches
swallowing and gagging
Regarded as…extrinsic muscle of the larnx…contraction raises the larynx (high pitch)…tilt the thyroid forward
Palate: Soft Palate:
The Tensor Palati (Tensor Veli Palatini)
O: arises from ribbon-like muscle, thin plate immediately in front of the sphenoipetrosal fissure at the base of the medial Pterygoid plate
- additional fibers from the spine and angle of the Sphenoid bone
- anterolateral wall of the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube
- becomes narrow and tendinous
- tendon winds around the hamulus of the medial Pterygoid plate…expands into the palatal aponeurosis
I: fibers fan-like aponeurosis attach to the posterior border of the hard palate (blend into the connective tissue and musculature of the soft palate
I: medial fibers fuse with the anoneurosis of the opposite side
palatine aponeurosis
forms fibrous “skeleton” of the soft palate
Palate: Soft Palate:
Levator Palati (Levator Veli Palatini [LVP])
- bulk of the soft palate
- complex muscles
O: petrous portion of the temporal bone and posteromedial plate of the cartilaginous framework of the auditory tube - in the sagital view..forms a ridge (torus) distributes fiberes along surfce of soft palate…interdigitate opposite side
I: soft palate
2 elevaors form a sling for the soft palate
palatine elevators
raise vertical position of the soft palate into horizontal postions
- stretch palate backward
-simultaneous tensing of the Tensor Veli Palatini
Soft Palate:
Musculus Uvulae
Paired
O: nasal spines of the palatine bones from adjacent palatine aponeurosis
I: Uvula
F: shortens and lifts the soft palate
may be the articulator in some languages
uvulae
small pendulous structure of the soft palate
Soft Palate: Function
Tense muscles
soft palate rises, closes off nasal cavity…sound goes through oral cavity (oral sounds)
Soft Palate: function
Relaxed muscles
soft palate drops, coupes the oral and nasal cavities…sound goes through both cavities (nasal sounds)
Tonsillar fossa
triangular space
filled with masses of lymphoid tissue (helps fight infection)
palatine tonsils are the masses of
lymphoid tissue
Walderyer’s Ring
tontillar tissue surround oropharynx
Pharynx
Musculotendinous tube
extends from base of skull to C6
12cm long
most inferior= continuous with esophagus
permits passage of food and liquids
composed of circular (circumferential) and longitudinal muscles
- circumferential muscles possess sphincter like action
- aids in moving foods and liquids through it
Pharynx: 3 divisions:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pharynx: Muscles
striated…voluntary
3 pairs of contrictors: superior (1-4), middle (5-6), inferior (7-8), which makes up 8 muscular parts
muscular portion of pharynx is suspended from the apneurosis
Pharynx: 3-layers of tissue
- Fibrous Pharyngeal Aponeurosis
- Muscous Layer
- Strong Muscular Layer
Pharynx: Aponeurosis
Origin:
O=
- the pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone
- the petrous portion of the temporal bone
- cartilage of the auditory tube
- cartilage of the auditory tube
- Medial Pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Pharynx: Aponeurosis
Insertion:
I=
- Posterior end of the mylohyoid ridge of the mandible
- lateral margins of the tongue
- stylohyoid ligament
- hyoid bone
- thyroid cartilage
Pharynx: Musculature
Superior Constrictor: Parts 1-4
weakest- most complex of the pharyngeal muscles
4 distinct muscle bundles…all with their own Origin
Superior Constrictor muscles:
and insertions
- Pterygopharyngeal muscle
- Pterygomandibular raphe
- Mylopharyngeus muscle
- Glossopharyngeus muscle
All insert: midline pharyngeal raphe
Pharynx: Musculature:
Middle Contrictor: Parts 5-6
- Fan-shaped
O: superior border of the greater horn of the hyoid bone (ceratopharyngeus muscle)
O: lesser horn of he hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament (chondropharyngeus
Radiate as they course backward
I: medial pharyngeal raphe
Pharynx: Musculature:
Inferior Constrictor: Parts 7-8
Thickest and strongest of pharyngeal muscles
O: lamina and superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
Secondary O: continuation of the sternothyroid muscle
Pharynx: Inferior Constrictor
Fibers from thyroid cartilage=
thyropharyngeurs (part 7)
- may influence angle of the thyroid laminae
Pharynx: Inferior Constrictor
Cricopharyneus muscle
Part 8
additional fibers from cricoid cartilage
inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
continuations of the cricothyroid muscle
Pharynx: Musculature:
Inferior Constrictor: Parts 7-8
course
- abruptly diverge fanlike
- course backward and medial ward
- interdigitate with opposite side
- forms midline pharyngeal raphe
- inferior most fibers course obliquely downward
- encircle and blend with muscles of the esophagus
- contribue to sphincteric action of the esophagus
Pharynx: Vertical Layers: 3 contributors
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
Pharynx: Vertical Layers:
Stylopharyngeus Muscle
Long slip of muscle
O: medial side of the base of the styloid process of the temporal bone
I: between the superior and middle constrictor
- Interlace with constrictor muscles
- blend with fibers of the palatopharyngeus
- posterior border of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
F: elevation of the pharynx, dilation, elevation of pharynx results in elevation of the larynx
Pharynx: Vertical Layers:
Salipingopharyngeus Muscle
- Closely related with stylopharyngeal and palatopharyngeal muscles
- Long, very slender
O: inferior border of the medial aspect of the cartilage at the orifice of the auditory tube
- blends with palatopharyngeus fibers
F: draw lateral walls of pharynx upward and medially
-made up by Palatopharyngeus (palate muscle)
Velopharyngeal mechanism
helps to vary the acoustic coupling between the oral and nasal cavities
- VP closure is very important to articulation
Inadequate= nasalized speech
- Inability to impound air pressure in the oral cavity
- Unvoiced consonants may become voiced
- Plosives become snorts
- Vowels nasalized
Velopharyngeal Mechanism
Excessive VP closure results in a “stuffy nose” quality
- adequacy of VP closure
- timing of VP closure
VERY important to articulation parameters
Closure= elevating and retracting soft palate and constricting the pharyngeal walls of the nasopharynx, PPW moves anteriorly
Passavant’s Pad
an area of the nasopharynx
on the PPW
area that protrudes (bulges) on PPW during phonation
assists with closure of soft palate
Vibrations generated by VF…have 3 parameters
- Frequency
- Intensity
- Duration
Resonance:
Natural frequency
most everything, will vibrate when energized by an outside force
vibrate at its own natural frequency
air stream (lungs) energize the VF Frequency of VF directly impacted by tension and mass
Resonance:
Forced Vibration:
natural period or frequency
takes an unreasonable amount of effort to cause it to travel at an unnatural period…forced vibration
When external force is removed…the vibrations will stop abruptly…the system is “highly damped”
Resonance:
Radiation of Energy
anything that absorbs energy at a specific frequency radiates energy best at the same frequency
vibrating systems resonate at their natural frequencies when they can…do not absorb energy well at frequencies other than their natural frequencies
