Exam 2: Renal and urinary

Question 1

Renal function

Answer 1

• Elimination of metabolic wastes - Blood pressure regulation - Erythrocyte production - Vitamin D activation - Prostaglandin synthesis - Acid-base balance

Question 2

Glomerular filtration,

Answer 2

1. Glomerular blood flow - Afferent & efferent arterioles - Constant MAP is needed 2. Pressure in the Bowman space - increased pressure will decrease filtration 3. Plasma oncotic pressure - decrease oncotic pressure - decrease pressure in capillary bed

Question 3

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 3

Normal value ~125 ml/min - Range of 90-130 ml/min - Creatinine used as a measure Creatinine clearance < 90 ml/min - Insufficient renal function Creatinine clearance < 20 ml/min - Renal failure

Question 4

Cystitis patho

Answer 4

• Inflammation of bladder Infectious Noninfectious Interstitial - Most commonly caused by bacteria moving up urinary tract from external urethra to bladder - People with catheters are high risk

Question 5

Cystitis signs and symptoms

Answer 5

• Frequent urge to urinate - Dysuria - Urgency Urinalysis - leukocyte esterase & nitrate - WBCs, RBCs Organism type confirmed by urine culture - 48 hours for results Other diagnostic assessments - Cystoscopy, CT scan

Question 6

Cystitis treatment

Answer 6

• Antibiotics (Sulfonamides (bactrum, allergic to sulfa, stay out of sun and hydrate) - fluoroquinolones (cipro, dysyrhymias) - nitrofurantoin (antiseptic, doesn’t kill but slows down growth) - penicillins and cephalasporins (allergies for both, finish it, another form of birth control) - Phenazopyridine (Pain for UTI, can turn urine red color) - Education

Question 7

Cystitis teaching and prevention

Answer 7

• Fluid intake (increase water) - Hygiene (wash up) - Cranberry juice (keep urine acidic)

Question 8

Urolithiasis etiology

Answer 8

• Presence of calculi (stones) in urinary tract (kidney stones)

Question 9

Urolithiasis risk factors

Answer 9

• Hypercalcemia - Hyperoxaluria - Hyperuricemia - Struvite - Cystinuria - Urinary stasis - Dehydration (focus since it can cause all kidney stones)

Question 10

Urolithiasis diet

Answer 10

• Avoid spinach, black tea, and rhubarb - decrease sodium - Limit foods high in animal protein to 5-7 servings per week and never more than 2 per day - Limit diary products, organ meats, and whole grains - Limit Poultry, fish, gravies, red wines, and sardines - Encourage oral fluid intake

Question 11

Urolithiasis interventions

Answer 11

• Pain control - NSAIDS - Spasmolytics - Hydration - Strain urine - Stone analysis by Lab - Walking - Diuretics

Question 12

Urolithiasis treatment: ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy)

Answer 12

• The stones are broken into tiny pieces