Exam 2: Reformation and the Counter Reformation/Wars of Religion Flashcards
What are the causes of the reformation?
When the printing press was created, it led to the mass production of bibles. Literacy increases, and so does the self-interpretation of bibles.
Who was John Wycliffe?
Englishman, Catholic, believed people need to read the bible to interpret it themselves (Converted the Latin Bible to English). Questioned what’s going on w/ Catholicism
What are John Wycliffe’s followers called?
Lollards
Who are the Lollards?
John Wycliffe’s followers?
Who was Jan Hus?
from the Czech Republic, Catholic, believed authority of the bible was what mattered, not the church or institute.
What are Jan Hus’s followers called?
Hussites
Who are the Hussites?
Jan Hus’s followers
Who was Martin Luther?
German (HRE), He wrote: 95 Theses (1517), book about 95 thoughts Luther had about God, Heaven, religion. Believed the Bible is the central religious authority + that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds, going against Catholic Church thoughts. Challenged Pope, rejected Roman Catholic Church. Wrote Bible in German.
What are Martin Luther’s followers called?
Lutherans
Who are the Lutherans?
Martin Luther’s followers
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Swiss, Roman Catholic Pastor, Preached reform (no fasts, clerical marriage) Conflict w/ Anabaptists. Credits Erasmus, Known as the “People’s Priest”, Believed that anything that didn’t have literal support in scripture should not be believed or practiced. He promoted clerical marriage, questioned the use of images in places of worship His beliefs led to Swiss Civil Wars- Protestant/Catholics
Who was John Calvin?
French, Born into wealth, very well educated, Calvinism replaces Lutheranism, Influence in Geneva, Switzerland, He will come up again as he’s influential in Wars of Religion via Calvinism, He wanted to reorder society in “god’s plan” + began to think about and urge the separation of church and state, Impact: Wars of Religion
What are John Calvin’s followers called?
Calvinists
Who are the Calvinists?
John Calvin’s followers
What is Predestination?
Belief or doctrine that all events have been predetermined by God
Who are the Anabapists?
(began in 1520s), Christian movement where baptism is only valid when one can confess (thus against the baptism of infants), They re-baptized themselves, a crime punishable by death., They were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants as they wanted to prevent the movement’s growth
Who is Conrad Grebel?
(1498-1526) An Anabapist who performed the first adult baptism
Who is Johann Tetzel?
(1465-1519), Roman Catholic, Considered “Grand Inquisitor”— job was to combat hersey
Who is Pope Leo X?
Full name was “Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici”, He’s a Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, Heavy Spender (St. Peter’s Basilica costs a lot!) in 1521, Excommunicated Martin Luther due to beliefs
What was the Diet of Worms?
An assembly that happened in Worms, Germany of the Holy Roman Empire under Charles V. It was done to determine how authorities (both political and religious) should respond to Martin Luther’s teachings.
What was the Edict of Worms?
It was a decision that said Martin Luther is an outlaw + anyone who helps him will be punished
What was the Act of Uniformity?
(Parliament of England, 1558. Used to Unify the Anglican Church) England decided that everyone in England needed to be Protestant
Who was King Henry VIII?
English, (1491-1547, ruled from 1509-1547). Second Tudor Monarch, had six marriages. Broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to created the Anglican Church/Church of England so he could divorce his first wife.
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
Daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain, Married Arthur, and when he died young, marries Henry VIII. Bears no sons, but has Mary I, Future Queen.
Who is Anne Boleyn?
Henry VII’s Second Wife. Queen from 1533 to 1536.
Who are the Theatines?
founded in 1524 by one of the founders, Pope Paul IV. Purpose: practice of virtue, preach the gospel, reform lax morals, make changes to make church easier for laity. The Theatine Church is in Munich, Germany (in the HRE)
Who are the Ursulines?
(founded in 1535), Influential order for Women. Convents: Italy, France. Religious Education for girls, Women taught how to read + write, able to learn + decide for themselves
Who is Ignatius of Loyola?
(1491-1556), Spanish priest who founded the Jesuit order.
Who are the Jesuits?
Globalized Catholic Religion, started in Spain (1530s), Originally 10 members, grew to 15k+ over next 100 years in places like India, Japan, Americas. Focus: Physical and moral self-discipline “Spiritual Exercises”, Deny themselves and submit without question to higher church authority and direction. Helped win many Protestants back to the Catholic Church
What is the Council of Trent?
(1545-1563) in Northern Italy (Strictly under the Popes Control. Concern was to look from within to rectify issues/wants to reorganize the Catholic Church) Had 3 sessions over 18 Years, regarding: War + Plague, Imperial Political Issues, and Papal Political Issues
Who is Charles V?
Holy Roman Emperor, compels Pope Paul III to act against the Reformation.
Who is Lady Jane Grey?
English, Put on the Throne by Edward VI as he wanted to keep the nation Protestant (didn’t want it to go to his Catholic half-sister, Mary I). Grey was very well educated and a humanist. Queen for 10 days, Beheaded– strong support for the principle of a hereditary monarch, seen as threat to Mary
Who is Mary I of England?
English, Daughter of Henry VIII + Catherine of Aragon. Ruled from 1553-1558. Catholic, probs best known for her aggressive attempt to reverse the English Reformation. Married Philip II of Spain (Catholic). Had important Protestant leaders executed for heresy: Thomas Cramner. 287 Burned at the Stake during her reign. Many fled + would later serve under Elizabeth I’s reign. Nickname by Protestants: Bloody Mary. Death: Cancer?
Who is Elizabeth I?
(1533-1603), Ruled from 1558-1603 (44 years of control). Mary I’s half sister. Daughter of Henry VIII + Anne Boleyn. Good manipulator: guided religious differences through Parliament to keep England from facing turmoil due to religion. Showed little mercy for those who threatened the Unity of her rule
Who are the Puritans?
A religious group who wanted to “Purify” the CoE of every sign of “popery”. Thought Elizabeth I moderate reforms were incomplete. Concerns: Catholic ceremony + vestments (garments worn). Episocopial system of church governance, order of rule.
Who are the Presbyterians?
Scottish Calvinists + English Protestants who advocated a national church
Who are the Congregationalists?
more extreme Puritans. Elizabeth didnt tolerate this group (too extreme!)
What is the Conventicle Act of 1593?
Gave this separatist group the option to either conform to the practices of the CoE, be exiled, or put to death. Puritans + Separatists go to Americas.
Who is Mary, Queen of Scots?
1542-1587. French background (she’s from the Guise family) and Catholic. Heir to the crown, Had to flee to England amid public scandal. Queen Elizabeth doesnt like French presence in Scotland. Plots to overthrow England come about, which posed problems— what to do with Mary (She’s Catholic, while Elizabeth is Protestant). Mary is beheaded (treason/betraying ones country) which set off Catholic concern and set the stage for Spanish invasion of England. Her son, James 6 of Scotland becomes James I of England, start of Stewart dynasty
What was England’s response to Spain’s attempted invasion?
Sir Francis Drake shelled the port of Cádiz, inflicting heavy damages on Spanish ships and stores, Then Drake raided the coast of Portugal, forcing the Spanish to postpone their invasion of England until 1588. When they did invade, the bargers were prevented from leaving, so the swifter English and Netherlands’ ships dispersed the waiting Spanish fleet.
