Exam 1: Renaissance/ Age of Exploration Flashcards
What is the hierarchy of kingdom government during the Renaissance?
King→ Lords/Nobles→ Knights/Vassals→ Peasants/Serfs
What is the hierarchy of the Catholic Church?
Pope→ Cardinals→ Archibishops→ Bishops→ Priests→ Deacons→ Laity
How long (and what what years) did the 100 Years War last?
116 years (1337-1453)
What does the 100 Years War mark the end of in 1453?
medieval society
Why did the 100 Years War begin?
France’s king died w/ no successor. The English king claims relations to French throne. The English ruled the province of Guyenne, located in southwest France. French king Philip VI attacked Guyenne in 1337.
What two countries fought in the 100 Years War?
England v. France
Who won the 100 Years War?
France
What were French advantages for the 100 Years War?
most populated + wealthy in Europe. The war was in their home field, and they had a feudal government.
What were English advantages for the 100 Years War?
Their powerful army was disciplined and well-trained. They had the new weapon, the LongBow, and their government was centralized.
Who is Joan of Arc?
French girl, 19 year old(1412-1431), “The Maid of Orleans.” Was Early Leader in Battle.
Convinced Charles (heir to French throne) that she received messages from God. Lead French forces against the English at Orleans
In 1430, she was captured, charged with witchcraft and heresy, and then burned at the stake
What was Joan of Arc’s influence on the 100 Years War?
Inspired by Joan’s presence, French routed the English and took control of Oreleans. Series of French victories followed, ultimately led to the end of the conflict.
What did Johannes Gutenberg do that was notable?
He invented the printing press
Explain the growth of the printing press.
In 1450, 1 city had printing press (in Germany). By 1500, 100+ did. (widespread in Europe)
What did the printing press influence?
Trade: Written records were created— helped keep inventory on items. Advertisement became easier
Literacy: With more access, more ppl can learn to read, causing literacy to rise. People can translate documents. (Vernacular: written language of the speaker)
Religion: more people can read religious text and interpret it!
Better maps can be printing during the Age of Exploration.
Give a simple version of what happened during the 100 Years War.
English invent the longbow, win many battles. Then the French win many battles, kicking English out.
Where does the Renaissance start?
in Italy after the fall of Constantinople
What is the Italian Renaissance?
Heavily emphasized on the teaching of Classical text
Less detailed depictions in art of everyday life “naturalism” and more mythological deceptions
Linked less on Religious issues, but more in intellectual reforms in history, literature and human anatomy
What is the Northern Renaissance?
Studied less on Classical texts
More domestic and religious depictions in art and everyday life (in greater detail)
Linked more with religious issues and reforms (the religious reforms that challenged and questioned the practices of the Church)
Who was the de Medici Family?
Wealthy banking family of Florence, Italy. Used their wealth to promote government, education, and the arts during the Renaissance.
What does “Development of Nation States” mean?
It is making the government centralized.
During the Renaissance, which places are becoming centralized and which places aren’t?
Centralized: French, Great Britain, Spain)
Not Centralized: Holy Roman Empire, Italy
Eastern Europe isn’t centralized, but Western Europe is.
Tell about the development and growth of bureaucracies:
Salaried officials - Monarchy provides pay
Intendant- tax collector
Corruption- buying and selling of royal offices
Hierarchy: Officials spread out into more officials, who spread into even more officials. Officials earn money via taxing salt and ships as people need these a lot
Why does taxation occur?
The government needs money, so they collect it from the citizens.
What was the most taxed during the Renaissance?
Salt
Why were mercenary armies created?
The development of gunpowder made knights/feudal castles easier to conquer, so they needed to fight against it.
How were the armies paid for?
Via tax
What is Niccolo Machiavelli known for
From Florence, Italy, believes in absolute monarchy. Wrote a book: The Prince (1513): Seen as the first general work on modern political thought.
Who was Francesco Petrarch?
Italian, first humanist. Focus was to understand Primary or Original works, not secondary works. Rediscovery of Cicero’s letters.
Who was Baldassare Castiglione?
Italian, Wrote “The Book of the Courtier” —a book about ways ppl should behave
Who was Desierius Erasmus?
Dutch. Wrote “In Praise of Folly”: Used satire as a way to criticize what he thought were problems w/ the church. Wrote “Handbook of the Christian Knight”: Emphazed idea of inner faith as opposed to “outer faith”- sacraments (Baptism, confirmation) Catholic Priest: doesnt believe in Protestant Reform., does Counter-Reform.
Who was Lorenzo Valla?
Italian, proved that the “Donation of Constantine” a document, was forgery. (an example was that: The word “fief” wasnt coined until the 8th century) He worked through Vatican Libraries + was an expert on the human language. He believed that languages could tell a history of their own.
Who was Christine de Pizan?
Italian, “The Book of the City of Ladies”— written to counter the notion that women were inferior to men (First feminist in studies). Daughter of the Physician to French King Charles V. Her dad was in the French royal court, bc of that, she is educated and can think for herself
Who was Leonardo Bruni?
Italian, Humanist Scholar— considered to be the first “historian”. He documents what’s going on in society, then looks to the past and connects the dots
Who was Giovanni Pico della Mirandola?
Italian, Wrote “Oration on the Dignity of Man”— It centered all attention on human capacity and the human perspective (Knowledge is important) and argued that humans were created by God.
Who was Giovanni Boccaccio?
Italian, Correspondent of Petrarch, Wrote a novella “Decameron” about life during the plague: 100 tales told by a group of 7 young woman, 3 young men, sheltering in a secluded villa just outside Florence as they try to escape the Black Death.
Who was Thomas More?
English, Friend of Erasmus, Wrote “Utopia”, a book critical of many aspects of society. He’s Catholic and Chancellor to King Henry VIII! Beheaded for refusing to take an oath recognizing the King as the head of the Church of England
What is the difference in Italian Art vs Northern Art?
Italian art: This art is more colorful/eye-catching, more detailed/intricate, busy, interactive, architect is visible, lighting+ shadows are important, people → society, more large+ religious due to Catholic Church funding, wealth of Italy played a factor— they had the money to be vibrant. This shows an idealistic life.
Northern art: The pieces are more simple, muted colors, and shows the realistic side of life.
What is Fresco?
Technique of mural painting. Executed upon freshly laid/ wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle. Dry-powder pigment merges with the plaster. Plaster sets, painting becomes integral part of the wall.
What is Single Point Perspective?
Style where all elements within a painting converge at a single point in the distance. More realistic, adds depth
What is Chiaroscuro?
Contrast between light + dark. Appears 3D, realistic + depth.
What is Mannerism?
Showed distorted figures and confusing themes. Why? Sign of the times, sense of problems due to religious + political happenings
Who was Raphael?
Raphael: painter, made The School of Athens, virtually perfect example of Ren. technique
Who was Michelangelo?
famous for sculpture of “David”— perfect example of Ren. devotion to harmony, symmetry, proportion— serve glorification of human form. Painted on Sistine Chapel. Later works: more complex, deep personal changes— mark the passing of High Ren. painting + new style: mannerism (art style in late 16th to early 17th cent, allowed artists to express their own feelings. Contrast to symmetry + simplicity of High Ren.)
Who was da Vinci?
Ren. ideal of universal person. One greatest painter of all time, drew Mona Lisa
Give an example of Fresco:
Michelangelo’s “The Last Judgement”
Give an example of Single Point Perspective:
Raphael’s “School of Athens”
Give an example of Chiaroscuro:
da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”
Give an example of Mannerism:
Dutchman Hendrick Goltzius’ “A Man Wearing a Tasseled Hat”
Why did Europeans start the Age of Exploration?
Because the Seljuk Turks controlled much of the Mediterranean, Europeans wanted to find their own routes of travel.
What did Prince Henry “The Navigator” of Portugal do?
He created navigational schools to teach people how to travel
What did Bartholomew Dias do?
Make it around the Cape of Good Hope
What did Christopher Columbus do?
He made it to the New World
What did Amerigo Vespucci do?
He traveled to South America and the Amazon River.
What was significant about Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage?
It was the first voyage to circle the world
What were some consequences of traveling to the New World?
Disease is brought to Americas (smallpox!), Loss of Native land + culture, European inflation (they brought back lots of gold/silver), Global transportation (with Magellan’s voyage), Spread of Catholicism
What did Cortez do?
Took over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan despite small numbers as he had advanced technology (guns + gunpowder)
what did Pizzaro do?
Took over the Inca empire
With coming to the New World, what was the impact on slavery?
The Natives were used as slaves
With coming to the New World, what was the impact on Europe?
the Columbian Exchange— the gaining of new wealth, food, etc
