Exam 1: Renaissance/ Age of Exploration

Question 1

What is the hierarchy of kingdom government during the Renaissance?

Answer 1

King→ Lords/Nobles→ Knights/Vassals→ Peasants/Serfs

Question 2

What is the hierarchy of the Catholic Church?

Answer 2

Pope→ Cardinals→ Archibishops→ Bishops→ Priests→ Deacons→ Laity

Question 3

How long (and what what years) did the 100 Years War last?

Answer 3

116 years (1337-1453)

Question 4

What does the 100 Years War mark the end of in 1453?

Answer 4

medieval society

Question 5

Why did the 100 Years War begin?

Answer 5

France’s king died w/ no successor. The English king claims relations to French throne. The English ruled the province of Guyenne, located in southwest France. French king Philip VI attacked Guyenne in 1337.

Question 6

What two countries fought in the 100 Years War?

Answer 6

England v. France

Question 7

Who won the 100 Years War?

Answer 7

France

Question 8

What were French advantages for the 100 Years War?

Answer 8

most populated + wealthy in Europe. The war was in their home field, and they had a feudal government.

Question 9

What were English advantages for the 100 Years War?

Answer 9

Their powerful army was disciplined and well-trained. They had the new weapon, the LongBow, and their government was centralized.

Question 10

Who is Joan of Arc?

Answer 10

French girl, 19 year old(1412-1431), “The Maid of Orleans.” Was Early Leader in Battle.
Convinced Charles (heir to French throne) that she received messages from God. Lead French forces against the English at Orleans
In 1430, she was captured, charged with witchcraft and heresy, and then burned at the stake

Question 11

What was Joan of Arc’s influence on the 100 Years War?

Answer 11

Inspired by Joan’s presence, French routed the English and took control of Oreleans. Series of French victories followed, ultimately led to the end of the conflict.

Question 12

What did Johannes Gutenberg do that was notable?

Answer 12

He invented the printing press

Question 13

Explain the growth of the printing press.

Answer 13

In 1450, 1 city had printing press (in Germany). By 1500, 100+ did. (widespread in Europe)

Question 14

What did the printing press influence?

Answer 14

Trade: Written records were created— helped keep inventory on items. Advertisement became easier

Literacy: With more access, more ppl can learn to read, causing literacy to rise. People can translate documents. (Vernacular: written language of the speaker)

Religion: more people can read religious text and interpret it!

Better maps can be printing during the Age of Exploration.

Question 15

Give a simple version of what happened during the 100 Years War.

Answer 15

English invent the longbow, win many battles. Then the French win many battles, kicking English out.

Question 16

Where does the Renaissance start?

Answer 16

in Italy after the fall of Constantinople

Question 17

What is the Italian Renaissance?

Answer 17

Heavily emphasized on the teaching of Classical text

Less detailed depictions in art of everyday life “naturalism” and more mythological deceptions

Linked less on Religious issues, but more in intellectual reforms in history, literature and human anatomy

Question 18

What is the Northern Renaissance?

Answer 18

Studied less on Classical texts

More domestic and religious depictions in art and everyday life (in greater detail)

Linked more with religious issues and reforms (the religious reforms that challenged and questioned the practices of the Church)

Question 19

Who was the de Medici Family?

Answer 19

Wealthy banking family of Florence, Italy. Used their wealth to promote government, education, and the arts during the Renaissance.

Question 20

What does “Development of Nation States” mean?

Answer 20

It is making the government centralized.

Question 21

During the Renaissance, which places are becoming centralized and which places aren’t?

Answer 21

Centralized: French, Great Britain, Spain)

Not Centralized: Holy Roman Empire, Italy

Eastern Europe isn’t centralized, but Western Europe is.

Question 22

Tell about the development and growth of bureaucracies:

Answer 22

Salaried officials - Monarchy provides pay

Intendant- tax collector

Corruption- buying and selling of royal offices

Hierarchy: Officials spread out into more officials, who spread into even more officials. Officials earn money via taxing salt and ships as people need these a lot

Question 23

Why does taxation occur?

Answer 23

The government needs money, so they collect it from the citizens.

Question 24

What was the most taxed during the Renaissance?

Answer 24

Salt

Question 25

Why were mercenary armies created?

Answer 25

The development of gunpowder made knights/feudal castles easier to conquer, so they needed to fight against it.

Question 26

How were the armies paid for?

Answer 26

Via tax

Question 27

What is Niccolo Machiavelli known for

Answer 27

From Florence, Italy, believes in absolute monarchy. Wrote a book: The Prince (1513): Seen as the first general work on modern political thought.

Question 28

Who was Francesco Petrarch?

Answer 28

Italian, first humanist. Focus was to understand Primary or Original works, not secondary works. Rediscovery of Cicero’s letters.

Question 29

Who was Baldassare Castiglione?

Answer 29

Italian, Wrote “The Book of the Courtier” —a book about ways ppl should behave

Question 30

Who was Desierius Erasmus?

Answer 30

Dutch. Wrote “In Praise of Folly”: Used satire as a way to criticize what he thought were problems w/ the church. Wrote “Handbook of the Christian Knight”: Emphazed idea of inner faith as opposed to “outer faith”- sacraments (Baptism, confirmation) Catholic Priest: doesnt believe in Protestant Reform., does Counter-Reform.

Question 31

Who was Lorenzo Valla?

Answer 31

Italian, proved that the “Donation of Constantine” a document, was forgery. (an example was that: The word “fief” wasnt coined until the 8th century) He worked through Vatican Libraries + was an expert on the human language. He believed that languages could tell a history of their own.

Question 32

Who was Christine de Pizan?

Answer 32

Italian, “The Book of the City of Ladies”— written to counter the notion that women were inferior to men (First feminist in studies). Daughter of the Physician to French King Charles V. Her dad was in the French royal court, bc of that, she is educated and can think for herself

Question 33

Who was Leonardo Bruni?

Answer 33

Italian, Humanist Scholar— considered to be the first “historian”. He documents what’s going on in society, then looks to the past and connects the dots

Question 34

Who was Giovanni Pico della Mirandola?

Answer 34

Italian, Wrote “Oration on the Dignity of Man”— It centered all attention on human capacity and the human perspective (Knowledge is important) and argued that humans were created by God.

Question 35

Who was Giovanni Boccaccio?

Answer 35

Italian, Correspondent of Petrarch, Wrote a novella “Decameron” about life during the plague: 100 tales told by a group of 7 young woman, 3 young men, sheltering in a secluded villa just outside Florence as they try to escape the Black Death.

Question 36

Who was Thomas More?

Answer 36

English, Friend of Erasmus, Wrote “Utopia”, a book critical of many aspects of society. He’s Catholic and Chancellor to King Henry VIII! Beheaded for refusing to take an oath recognizing the King as the head of the Church of England

Question 37

What is the difference in Italian Art vs Northern Art?

Answer 37

Italian art: This art is more colorful/eye-catching, more detailed/intricate, busy, interactive, architect is visible, lighting+ shadows are important, people → society, more large+ religious due to Catholic Church funding, wealth of Italy played a factor— they had the money to be vibrant. This shows an idealistic life.

Northern art: The pieces are more simple, muted colors, and shows the realistic side of life.

Question 38

What is Fresco?

Answer 38

Technique of mural painting. Executed upon freshly laid/ wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle. Dry-powder pigment merges with the plaster. Plaster sets, painting becomes integral part of the wall.

Question 39

What is Single Point Perspective?

Answer 39

Style where all elements within a painting converge at a single point in the distance. More realistic, adds depth

Question 40

What is Chiaroscuro?

Answer 40

Contrast between light + dark. Appears 3D, realistic + depth.

Question 41

What is Mannerism?

Answer 41

Showed distorted figures and confusing themes. Why? Sign of the times, sense of problems due to religious + political happenings

Question 42

Who was Raphael?

Answer 42

Raphael: painter, made The School of Athens, virtually perfect example of Ren. technique

Question 43

Who was Michelangelo?

Answer 43

famous for sculpture of “David”— perfect example of Ren. devotion to harmony, symmetry, proportion— serve glorification of human form. Painted on Sistine Chapel. Later works: more complex, deep personal changes— mark the passing of High Ren. painting + new style: mannerism (art style in late 16th to early 17th cent, allowed artists to express their own feelings. Contrast to symmetry + simplicity of High Ren.)

Question 44

Who was da Vinci?

Answer 44

Ren. ideal of universal person. One greatest painter of all time, drew Mona Lisa

Question 45

Give an example of Fresco:

Answer 45

Michelangelo’s “The Last Judgement”

Question 46

Give an example of Single Point Perspective:

Answer 46

Raphael’s “School of Athens”

Question 47

Give an example of Chiaroscuro:

Answer 47

da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”

Question 48

Give an example of Mannerism:

Answer 48

Dutchman Hendrick Goltzius’ “A Man Wearing a Tasseled Hat”

Question 49

Why did Europeans start the Age of Exploration?

Answer 49

Because the Seljuk Turks controlled much of the Mediterranean, Europeans wanted to find their own routes of travel.

Question 50

What did Prince Henry “The Navigator” of Portugal do?

Answer 50

He created navigational schools to teach people how to travel

Question 51

What did Bartholomew Dias do?

Answer 51

Make it around the Cape of Good Hope

Question 52

What did Christopher Columbus do?

Answer 52

He made it to the New World

Question 53

What did Amerigo Vespucci do?

Answer 53

He traveled to South America and the Amazon River.

Question 54

What was significant about Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage?

Answer 54

It was the first voyage to circle the world

Question 55

What were some consequences of traveling to the New World?

Answer 55

Disease is brought to Americas (smallpox!), Loss of Native land + culture, European inflation (they brought back lots of gold/silver), Global transportation (with Magellan’s voyage), Spread of Catholicism

Question 56

What did Cortez do?

Answer 56

Took over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan despite small numbers as he had advanced technology (guns + gunpowder)

Question 57

what did Pizzaro do?

Answer 57

Took over the Inca empire

Question 58

With coming to the New World, what was the impact on slavery?

Answer 58

The Natives were used as slaves

Question 59

With coming to the New World, what was the impact on Europe?

Answer 59

the Columbian Exchange— the gaining of new wealth, food, etc