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NRES100 - exam 2 > EXAM 2 - Rangeland Management > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - Rangeland Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is cheatgrass?

A

BROMUS TECTORUM; nonnative, introduced species, annual grass, INVASIVE

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2
Q

Impacts of settlement in the Great Basin?

A

overgrazing, introduction of CHEATGRASS (spread across US in less than 100 years)

OVERALL: loss of perennial grasses and forbs.

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3
Q

What is a climatograph?

A

Graphical representation of a location’s basic climate

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4
Q

What are the types of Biomes?

A
  1. Temperature Grasslands
  2. Tropical Savanna’s
  3. Tundra
  4. Desert Shrublands
  5. Shrub Woodlands
  6. Temperate Forests
  7. Tropical Forests
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5
Q

Describe Temperate Grasslands.

A
  • mixture of grasses and forbs
  • few trees or shrubs
  • 10-30in annual rainfall
  • found on every continent
  • largest expanse of true grass range in the world
  • southern canada to texas
  • short & tall grass prairie
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6
Q

Describe Grazing Animals in the US

A

old days - great herds of large wild herbivores

today - mostly killed or driven away

**wetter areas converted to crop land, drier areas used for LIVESTOCK GRAZING

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7
Q

Describe the Tropical Savanna’s

A
  • mostly in africa
  • mixture of GRASSES, SHRUBS, SCATTERED TREES
  • poor soil
  • LOW water availability
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8
Q

Describe the Tundra Biome.

A
  • arctic tundra (used mostly by WILD ANIMALS)
  • alpine meadows (used BOTH by wildlife and livestock)
  • temp is too cold and soil is too POOR for crops
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9
Q

Describe Desert Shrublands.

A
  • largest area of world’s RANGELANDS
  • ARID climate (less than 10in of rainfall)
  • POOR soils
  • sparse vegetation dominated by low shrubs
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10
Q

Describe Shrub Woodlands.

A
  • same rainfall belt as GRASSLANDS
  • low-growing trees & dense shrubs
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11
Q

Describe Temperate Forests.

A
  • Grazing in open strands
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12
Q

Describe Tropical Forests

A
  • very little herbaceous vegetation under DENSE CANOPIES
  • of little importance for grazing
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13
Q

Characteristics of Grasses?

A
  • jointed, HOLLOW STEMS
  • parallel veined leaves
  • florets
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14
Q

Characteristics of Sedges.

A
  • solid TRIANGULAR stem
  • leaves on 3 sides of stem w parallel veins
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15
Q

Characteristics of Rushes.

A
  • solid ROUND stem
  • leaves on 2 sides w parallel veins
  • “thin electrical wire”
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16
Q

Characteristics of Forbs.

A
  • BROAD LEAVED FLOWERING plants
  • solid stems, NET-like veins in leaves
  • showy/flamboyant flowers
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17
Q

Characteristics of Shrubs.

A
  • WOODY stems
  • NETLIKE veins in leaves
  • SMALL flowers
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18
Q

Forage Characteristics?

A
  • grasses are the ideal forage
  • top 50% = SURPLUS
  • bottom 50% = METABOLIC RESERVE

—> nutrient reserve allows plants to survive drought and periodic overgrazing

19
Q

What are decreasers ?

A
  • highly nutritious
  • palatable
  • DECREASE under MODERATE grazing pressure
20
Q

What are increasers?

A
  • highly nutritious
  • less palatable
  • tend to INCREASE under HEAVY GRAZING
  • can decline after long term severe grazing
21
Q

What are invaders?

A
  • low nutritional value
  • NOT DESIRABLE for grazing animals.
22
Q

Effects of Human Activities and Overgrazing on Rangelands

A
  • sodbusting destroys rangeland stability (crop vulnerable to WIND AND EROSION)
  • conversion to livestock grazing (light-moderate grazing = BENEFICIAL to grassland)
  • overgrazing (too many livestock/wild herbivores exposed soil to WATER AND WIND)
  • undergrazing (reduced grass growth, increased forb&shrub growth)
23
Q

Effect of Drought on Range Forage

A
  • one of the greatest problems faced by ranchers
  • impossible to control drought
  • drought is unpredictable
  • after drought = fast or slow recovery depending on conditions
24
Q

Benefits of normal grazing?

A
  • vigorous leaf growth
  • reduced soil erosion
25
Q

All of the following grassland biomes are important for large populations of grazing wildlife EXCEPT?

a) Steppe
b) Prairie
c) Pampas
d) Tropical rainforest
e) Tundra

A

d) Tropical rainforest

26
Q

Match each rangeland vegetation type (a-d) to the correct description (e-h)

a) Forb
b) Grass
c) Sedge
d) Rush

e) Solid round stem
f) Solid triangular stem
g) Jointed hollow stems
h) Solid stems and flowers

A

a —> h
b —> g
c —> f
d —> e

27
Q

Which US policy led to the development of the West?

A

Homestead Act of 1862

28
Q

Which agencies focus on rangeland management?

A

NRCS - Natural Resources Conservation Service

BLM - Bureau of Land Management

29
Q

What was the US land like before European settlers?

A
  • 34 million bison, pronghorn antelope, elk
  • overgrazing uncommon
  • wildfire migrated throughout range
  • carrying capacity maintained by competition and predation within and between species
  • Native Americans used meats and hides for food, clothing, and shelter
30
Q

What happened in the 16th and 17th centuries in the US?

A
  • european colonists brought domesticated animal based culture
  • wild herbivores killed or driven from range to reduce competition with livestock
31
Q

What happened in 1800 in the US?

A
  • cattle, sheep, and horses common on range in western U.S.
32
Q

What happened in 1850-1890 in the US?

A
  • sheep increased from 500,000 to 20 MILLION
33
Q

What happened in 1870-1890 in the US?

A
  • cattle increased from 5 MILLION to 27 MILLION
  • cattle ranchers allowed cattle to overgraze in many areas
34
Q

What happened in the end of the 19th century of the US?

A
  • bison driven nearly to extinction
35
Q

What is the Homestead Act of 1862?

A
  • accelerated development of West
  • 160-acre parcels too small
36
Q

Who is John Wesley Powell 1878?

A
  • reported on the lands of the arid region
  • warned that the land in the west was suitable for grazing but not for crops
  • recommend fewer cattle
  • report ignored by government leaders
37
Q

What caused the 1930’s dust bowl?

A
  • drought & degraded farmland
  • storms brought dust from the US Great Plains all the way to New York and Washington
38
Q

What happened in 1932?

A
  • 1932 USFS report on range condition
  • rangeland productivity reduced by 50%
39
Q

What happened in 1934?

A

Congress passed the Taylor Grazing Control Act

40
Q

what happened in 1976?

A

National Forest Management Act

-USFS must develop inventory of all USFS lands

41
Q

what happened in 1978?

A

Public Rangelands Improvement Act
- maintain, manage and improve the condition of public rangelands

42
Q

what happened in 1985?

A

FOOD SECURITY ACT
- Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
- remove 45 million acres of erodible cropland, plant grasses

43
Q

Agencies of range management?

A

NRCS (National Resources Conservation Service)

44
Q

Organizations of range management?

A
  • Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS)
  • Society for Range Management (SRM)

NRES100 - exam 2 (4 decks)

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