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NRES100 - exam 2 > EXAM 2 - Forest Management and Environmental Ethics + Evonomics > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - Forest Management and Environmental Ethics + Evonomics Flashcards

1
Q

The US Forest Service mission includes ?

A
  • research
  • protecting national forests
  • cooperating w state and private forest owners
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2
Q

What is the difference between even-aged and uneven-aged stand management?

A

Even = shelterwood, clearcutting

Uneven = strip-cutting, selective cutting

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3
Q

An anthropocentric worldview would consider the impact of an action on?

A

Humans only

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4
Q

Which ethic holds that people should use resources “for the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time” ?

A

Conservation ethic

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5
Q

An ethical view of wildlife that is focused on the uses of the wildlife (fur, meat, skin/hide) is considered?

A

Utilitarian

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6
Q

Which economic view is based on the goal of a steady-state economy?

A

Ecological

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7
Q

Which of the following is an ecosystem good?

A

Lumber products

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8
Q

Which of the following is a method for estimating the value of ecosystem services?

A
  • cost of replacing ecosystem services w technology
  • prices people are willing to pay
  • cost of preserving intact ecosystem vs cost of converting to agriculture
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9
Q

Which of the following non-market values represent the value from knowing a species or ecosystem is present somewhere in the world?

A

Existence value

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10
Q

The first wave of environmental policy in the US was designed to?

A

encourage settlement and resource extraction

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11
Q

According to NEPA, before the government can embark on a major development project, it must complete a(n)?

A

environmental impact statement

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12
Q

What is NOT a responsibility of the EPA?

A
  • monitor environmental quality
  • set and enforce pollutant standards
  • conduct and evaluate research
  • educate the public
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13
Q

The second wave of environmental policy in the US was intended to?

A

promote preservation and conservation

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14
Q

The third wave of environmental policy in the US developed as?

A
  • rachel carson writing “silent spring”
  • gaylord nelson starting Earth Day
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15
Q

what are the largest forest types?

A

boreal and tropical rainforest

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16
Q

temperate rainforest is what region?

A

costal cali/oregon

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17
Q

tropical rainforest is..

A

super diverse, and layered in canopies

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18
Q

tropical dry forests get..

A

tropical dry forests get PULSES of rain/wet and dry seasons; not enough rain to be considered FULLY TROPICAL

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19
Q

what do global forests store?

A

global forests store more carbon than the atmosphere

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20
Q

when is CO2 released in forests?

A

when forests burn or trees decompose

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21
Q

what are the US FOREST TYPES?

A
  • Northern forests (NF)
  • Central forests (CF)
  • Southern forests (SF)
  • Bottomland forests (BF)
  • West Coast forests (WCF)
  • Western Interior forests (WIF)
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22
Q

washington DC USA is what type?

A

temperate deciduous

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23
Q

nagasaki japan is what type of forest?

A

temperate rainforest (cold and warm season + rainfall variation)

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24
Q

bogor, java, indonesia, is what type of forest?

A

tropical rainforest (no seasons, consistent weather)

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25
Q

what type of rangeland is darwin, australia

A

tropical dry forest

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26
Q

what type of land is archangelsk, russia?

A

boreal forest

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27
Q

where are NF located? and what types of trees?

A

Upper northern right of the US; maine, michigan, NY, ohio, etc.

aspen, maple, beach, and birch trees

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28
Q

where are CF located? and what types of trees?

A

middle right of the US; illinois, missouri, pennysylvania, W Virginia, etc.

oak and hickory

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29
Q

where are SF located? and what types of trees?

A

lower right of US; florida, georgia, N&S carolina, etc.

loblolly, shortleaf pine/longleaf, slash pine

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30
Q

where are BF located? and what types of trees?

A

inland right of US; “mississippi river”

oak, gum, and cypress

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31
Q

where are WCF located? and what types of trees?

A

extreme left of the us; coast of cali, oregon, washington, etc.

douglas, hemlock, sitka spruce, redwood

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32
Q

where are WIF located? and what types of trees?

A

SCATTERED CLUMPS in Western US; NV, oregon, montana, idaho, new mexico, wyoming, utah, colorado, arizona, etc.

ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine

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33
Q

forests get named after what?

A

the most dominant tree

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34
Q

layers of the forest? (top to bottom)

A

canopy, subcanopy, undersoil, shrub layer, soil

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35
Q

what is a dead standing tree called?

A

a snag

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36
Q

what services do forests provide?

A
  • produce oxygen
  • purify water, filters pollution
  • return organic matter to soil
  • slow runoff, prevents flossing
  • transports minerals to soil surface
  • stores carbon
  • supports biodiversity
  • provide fuel wood, lumber, paper, medicines, dyes, foods, and fibers
  • provide health, beauty, recreation
  • stabilize soil, prevent erosion
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37
Q

how much wood is harvested for fuel?

A

globally, about of 50% all wood is harvested for fuel!

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38
Q

primary vs secondary forest?

A

Primary forest is the most biologically diverse type of forest. Secondary forest is rainforest that has been disturbed in some way, naturally or unnaturally.

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39
Q

what is maximum sustainable yield?

A
  • Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act (1960)
  • wood produced MUST equal wood used
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40
Q

we extract timber from what lands?

A

private and public lands.

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41
Q

define forest land

A

land that is at least 10% covered by trees
(33% of total land area in US)

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42
Q

commerical forest industry includes what?

A
  • forest industry (14%)
  • private owners (58%)
43
Q

what agencies manage US forests?

A
  • Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
  • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
  • Fish and Wildlife Service
  • US Forest Service (USFS)
44
Q

what does the USFS do?

A
  • manage forests for “greatest good of the greatest number in the long run”
  • mission - sustain the health diversity and productivity of the nations forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations
  • administer and protect national forests
  • research (forest, range, watershed, recreation management, wildlife habitat improvement, forest product development, fire and pest control)
  • cooperative w state and private forest owners for smooth processings/management
45
Q

describe the National Forest Management Act 1976

A
  • consider ENVIRONMENTAL and ECONOMIC factors
  • diverse ecological communities
  • research and monitoring of management
  • increase harvests only if sustainable
  • timber harvest only where IMPACTS can be MINIMIZED
46
Q

what is a logging plan

A

map w distribution, age, and volume of tree species

47
Q

what are the harvesting methods?

A
  • even-aged stand methods (clear cutting)
  • uneven-aged stand methods (selective and strip cutting)
48
Q

pros of clear cutting?

A
  • quick and simple
  • shrubs provide habitat
  • best way to grow Douglas Fir
  • control disease
  • maximum return
  • increased timber value
49
Q

cons of clear cutting?

A
  • runoff and erosion
  • OLD GROWTH replaced w MONOCULTURE
  • promotes BLOWDOWN
  • decreased biological diversity
  • less recreational value
  • fire hazard!
50
Q

describe logging process

A
  • trees cut down
  • limos (branches) removed
  • trunks cut into logs
  • logs to trucks or train
  • wood to pulp-plant or sawmill
51
Q

what is natural reseeding in reforestation?

A
  • mature tree left as seed source
  • seeds DISPERSED by wind, birds, rodents
  • must reach bare ground
  • may be eaten
52
Q

describe seeding by forests

A
  • aerial seeding (planting via drone, plane, heli)
  • seedlings coated w toxic deterrent
  • flat areas — seeding machines
53
Q

how do we develop genetically superior trees?

A
  • hybridization
  • selective breeding
  • seed orchards
  • tissue culture
54
Q

heartwood decay in trees is also known as?

A

“heart rot”

55
Q

large populations of what are harmful to trees?

A

large pops of insects can kill a tree

56
Q

describe Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A
  • use biological control agents (natural predators and parasites)
  • use SELECTIVE CUTTING instead of EVEN AGED mgmt
  • remove bark damaged trees
57
Q

list the fire suppression methods

A
  • firebreaks
  • backfires
  • fire-retardant chemicals
  • smoke jumpers
58
Q

fire methods depend on:

A
  • size of fire
  • terrain
  • type of fire
  • wind direction
  • road location
  • water availability
  • relative humidity
59
Q

describe 1972 national park service

A
  • wildfires permitted to burn under CAREFUL WATCH in 17 national parks
60
Q

what do periodic fires do?

A
  • revitalize old growth forests
  • encourage new plant growth
  • nourish soil
61
Q

describe the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burris Act of 1971

A
  • specific protections for “all UNBRANDED and UNCLAIMED HORSES and burros on public lands of the US
  • requires DEPT of INTERIOR AND AGRICULTURE to PROTECT the animals
  • requires studies and public land for their use
62
Q

define culture

A

knowledge, beliefs, values and learned ways of life shared by a group of people

63
Q

define worldview

A

a persons beliefs about the meaning of the world

64
Q

define categorical imperative

A

treat others as we would prefer to be treated

65
Q

define principle of utility

A

something is right when it produces practical benefits for the most people

66
Q

define instrumental value

A

the pragmatic benefits of put to use

67
Q

define intrinsic value

A

the RIGHT of something to EXIST and be valuable for its own sake

68
Q

what type of ethics?

should the present generation CONSERVE RESOURCES for FUTURE generations?

A

sustainability

69
Q

what type of ethics?

is it ok for some communities to be EXPOSED to more POLLUTION than others?

A

environmental ethics

70
Q

what type of ethics?

is it ok to DESTROY a forest to CREATE JOBS for people?

A

intrinsic vs instrumental values

71
Q

what type of ethics?

are HUMANS JUSTIFIED in driving other SPECIES TO EXTINCTION?

A

intrinsic vs instrumental values

72
Q

three types of ethical perspectives or world view that affect our resource use?

A
  • anthropocentric
  • biocentric
  • ecocentric
73
Q

define anthropocentric

A

human centered env ethic

74
Q

define biocentric

A

values all living things

75
Q

define ecocentric

A

considers living and NON living components

76
Q

what happened to the US’S environmental ethical stance during the industrial revolution?

A

went from anthropocentric (human centered) to biocentric and ecocentric views

77
Q

who had the preservation ethic?

A

JOHN MUIR (1838-1914)

78
Q

who had conservation ethic?

A

GIFFORD PINCHOT (1865-1946)

79
Q

“the highest possible le use which could be made of” the valley is quoted from who?

A

gifford pinchot (conservation)

80
Q

describe preservation ethic

A
  • PROTECT the natural environment in a PRISTINE and UNALTERED state
  • nature is key for human happiness
  • US department of THE INTERIOR
  • national parks
81
Q

describe conservation ethic

A
  • natural resources are for HUMAN USE, but should be MANAGED WISELY
  • promotes PRUDENT, EFFICIENT EXTRACTION of RESOURCES
  • utilitarian
  • US department of AGRICULTURE
  • national forests
82
Q

who’s land ethic inspired people?

A

Aldo Leopold

Wildfire manager and environmental philosopher (1857-1949)

83
Q

how did the environmental justice movement start?

A

1980 protest against toxic waste dump

84
Q

define conventional economic view

A

the environment is a subset of the economy

85
Q

define ecological economic view

A

economies are subsets of the environment and the two are INTERDEPENDENT

86
Q

define ecosystem goods

A

natural resources, the substances, and forces we need to survive

87
Q

define ecosystem services

A

essential services provided by ecosystems which support life and make economic activity possible.

88
Q

what are the assumptions of conventional economies?

A
  • replacing resources
  • external costs
  • discounting
  • growth
89
Q

how sustainable is economic growth?

A

NOT SUSTAINABLE

90
Q

what are some examples of external costs?

A
  • health impacts
  • aesthetic damage
  • depletion of resources
  • financial loss
91
Q

describe cornucopians!

A

POSITIVE FOR GROWTH

  • economists, business people, policy makers
  • improved tech allowed us to grow indefinitely
92
Q

describe cassandra’s

A

NEGATIVE FOR GROWTH

  • scientists and others
  • scarce resources can lead to economic COLLAPSE
93
Q

describe conventional view

A
  • growth = good
  • technology solves all problems
94
Q

define use value

A

the worth of something we use DIRECTLY

95
Q

define existence value

A

worth of something knowing that something exists, even if we never experience it ourselves

96
Q

define option value

A

worth of something we might use later

97
Q

define aesthetic value

A

the worth of something’s beauty or emotional appeal

98
Q

define scientific value

A

worth of something for research

99
Q

define education value

A

worth of something for education and learning

100
Q

define cultural value

A

worth of something that sustains or helps define a culture

101
Q

define GDP

A

gross domestic product

102
Q

define GPI

A

genuine progress indicator

  • economic
  • environmental
  • social
103
Q

define HPI

A

happy planet index

= (well-being x life expectancy x income inequality)/ ecological footprint

NRES100 - exam 2 (4 decks)

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