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NRES100 - exam 2 > EXAM 2 - Biogeochemical Cycles > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - Biogeochemical Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

Water enters the atmosphere through the process of?

A

Transpiration

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2
Q

Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when..?

A
  • soil micro-organisms respire
  • plants respire
  • sedimentary rocks are uplifted and eroded
  • humans burn fossil fuels
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3
Q

The major pool of phosphorus is located in:

A

Rocks

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4
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas to:

A

NH4+

nitrate

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5
Q

Humans have altered the phosphorus cycle by?

A
  • fertilization of crops
  • mining
  • detergents
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6
Q

In the Western US, which forest types are present?

A

Coastal and interior

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7
Q

Forests account for how much % of land in the US? and how much % tree cover is considered forestland?

A

33%, 10%

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8
Q

Biogeochemical Cycles include what?

A

nonliving components and living organisms.

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9
Q

Define biogeochemical cycles

A

how chemicals cycle through biotic and abiotic portions of our environment

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10
Q

Describe the steps of the water cycle

A
  1. water ENTERS atmosphere w evaporation and transpiration from leaves.
  2. it condenses and falls from the sky as PRECIPITATION; runs off land into streams, rivers, lakes, and ocean
  3. Water infiltrated into AQUIFERS, becoming GROUNDWATER

TOTAL SEVEN STAGES:

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, sublimation (ice), transpiration, runoff, and infiltration.

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11
Q

What are GDE’s?

A

Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (common in Nevada!)

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12
Q

What types of GDE (Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems) are there?

A
  • pheatophytes (groundwater to surface)
  • wetlands
  • springs
  • lakes and playas
  • rivers and streams
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13
Q

Human impacts on the hydrologic (water) cycle?

A
  1. dams - increased evaporation
  2. altered surface - increased runoff and erosion
  3. groundwater depletion
  4. agriculture use - water depletion and increased evaporation
  5. removing forests - decreased transpiration
  6. atmospheric pollution - altered precipitation
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14
Q

the carbon cycle circulates what?

A

a vital organic nutrient (CO2 etc)

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15
Q

what do producers use from the air in photosynthesis?

A

CO2

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16
Q

consumers eat?

A

producers

17
Q

how does CO2 return to the air?

A

by RESPIRATION

18
Q

how is carbon stored in the carbon cycle?

A
  • decomposed organisms and underground pressure from SEDIMENTARY ROCK and fossil fuels
  • buried carbon returns to air when rocks are uplifted and eroded
19
Q

how is buried carbon returned to the air?

A

buried carbon in sedimentary rock and fossil fuels return to air when rocks are UPLIFTED AND ERODED

20
Q

carbon is mostly stored where?

A

carbon is stored in rock OR used by aquatic plants

21
Q

ocean water absorbs what in the carbon cycle?

A

carbon

22
Q

what is the human impact on the carbon cycle?

A
  • more CO2 in atmosphere from BURNING FOSSIL FUELS and DEFORESTATION
  • excess CO2 drives global warming and climate change
23
Q

what are the largest reservoirs (in order) of the NITROGEN CYCLE?

A
  1. atmosphere
  2. ocean
  3. soils
24
Q

what do specialized bacteria in the nitrogen cycle do?

A

they convert gaseous NITROGEN from the air into WATER SOLUBLE forms that plants can UTILIZE.

25
Q

how is atmospheric N2 (dinitrogen) fixed?

A

dinitrogen is fixed by LIGHTNING or nitrogen FIXING BACTERIA

26
Q

describe nitrogen fixation

A

N2 is now available to plants and animals in the form of AMMONIUM IONS (NH4+)

27
Q

what do nitrifying bacteria do?

A

they change AMMONIUM IONS into nitrITE (NO2-) and nitrATE (NO3-) ions.

28
Q

what can be taken up by plants in the nitrogen cycle?

A

nitrate

29
Q

what do denitrifying bacteria do?

A

they convert NITRATES (NO3-) to N2 gas that REENTERS the ATMOSPHERE

30
Q

how have humans impacted the nitrogen cycle?

A
  • WWI - Haber and Bosch develop industrial fixation
  • Nitrogen fertilizer use
  • Fossil fuel emissions (NO subscript x)
31
Q

What does nitrogen fertilizer use do?

A
  • boosts agricultural production
  • eutrophication
  • strips soil of other nutrients
  • reduces soil fertility
32
Q

what is eutrophication?

A

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

33
Q

what is the process of N2 gas —> NH4?

A

fixation

34
Q

What is the process of NH4+ —> NO2- and NO3-?

A

nitrificatkon

35
Q

What is the process of NO3- —> N2?

A

DEnitrification

36
Q

largest reservoirs of the carbon cycle?

A

oceans, sedimentary rock, and fossil fuels

37
Q

what are the reservoirs for the water cycle?

A

oceans, atmosphere, groundwater, icecaps/glaciers/snowflakes, and soil water

NRES100 - exam 2 (4 decks)

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