exam 2 pt 1 Flashcards
What are the major stages of Piaget’s theory?
- sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): learn through senses/actions
- pre operational stage (2-7): symbolic representation, pretend play
- concrete operational stage (7-11): logical thinking about concrete objects, conservation
- formal operational stage (12+): abstract thinking, deductive reasoning
What are the six sub-stages and major milestones during the sensorimotor stage?
- Reflexive schemes (0-1 months): newborn reflexes (sucking, grasping, looking)
- Primary circular reactions (1-4m): simple actions repeated on baby’s own body (sucking on fingers, hold head up), learning happens by mistake but then repeat action as they learn
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8m): intentionally repeating actions with objects OUTSIDE of their body
(shaking rattle, kicking foot to shake mobile) - Coordination of secondary circular reaction (8-12m): intentional goal directed behavior (pull toy on a string to you), no longer trial and error
- Object permanence: understanding objects continue to exist when out of sight - Tertiary circular reactions (12-18m): using new ways to explore properties of objects, “little scientist”, (dropping - gravity)
- Mental representation (18-24m): make believe play,
symbolic thought (talk on play phone after see parents talk on the phone, kid mimicking dad’s road rage on bicycle)
What has recent research told us about Piaget’s theory?
- certain things happen earlier than he thought
- habituation tests: babies pay more attention when things happen that aren’t expected (car disappearing) - still are holding the idea of that car even though they can’t see it
What is the information-processing theory of cognitive development?
- compares brain computer - how children take in, process, store, and use information
- cognitive development happens gradually as children improve in key areas (attention, memory, problem solving)
What are changes in memory, attention that occur birth to 2 years?
Memory:
- recognition from birth
- 3-6 months: implicit memory (repeat tasks without conscious awareness)
- 8-12 months: object permanence (objects exist even when you can’t see them)
- 12-24 months: recall memory (recall things w/out being reminded)
Attention:
- 0-6 months: focus on novel stimuli (bright, loud)
- 6-12 months: longer attention span
- 12-24 months: goal-directed attention (focus on task for specific purpose)
A-not-B search error
look where you first put something even when it’s not there
Physical changes in growth (body and brain) during early childhood years
Body: growth slows, more streamline, skeletal growth continues (lose teeth)
Brain: rapid growth + refinement (language areas, frontal cortex)
What is happening in brain growth during this time?
What are associated cognitive, language, and social skills emerging at this time?
- 90% of its adult size
- prefrontal cortex: decision making, impulse control
C: symbolic play, working memory, increased attention span
L: planning ability, expanded vocab
SS: self-regulation, emotional understanding
When does handedness emerge? Factors that influence its development?
- signs of favoritism starts from birth but around 1-3 years
- genetics, environment (encouraged to use one hand over the other)
Major milestones in gross and fine motor development
2-3 yr: gross - running, throwing, kicking
fine - scribbles, build tower
3-4 yr: gross - vertical jumps, jump over rope, galloping
fine - draws simple circles, puts on shoes, TRIPOD GRASP (hold pencil)
4-5 yr: gross - mature walk, jump using arms, balance beam
fine - draws squares, touch finger to thumb, prints name, ties shoes
5-6yr: gross - mature running, skipping, long jump,
fine - zippers, buttons, draws more complete objects
Important health and nutritional influences on growth
- heredity & hormones (parent’s size and growth)
- emotional well being (stress at home)
- nutrition
- good sleep
Why is important to practice good dental care during this age?
- lays foundation for oral health
- creates healthy habits
- prevents cavities + gum issues
What characterizes the eating habits of children at this age?
- unpredictable appetite
- preferences set early
Strategies to help children eat a healthy diet
- set a good example
- make a kids part of dinner making process
- serve healthy foods
Nutritional guidelines for children this age
– 1 cup vegetable
– 1 cup fruit
– 2 cup dairy
– 3 oz grains
– 2-3 oz meat/beans
– Fat/sweets limited
