exam 1 pt 2

Question 1

What is the reaction range and how does this relate to gene-environment interactions?

Answer 1

• person’s unique genetically determined response to the environment
• your unique genes determine how you’ll respond to a given environment

Question 2

Four ecological system influences in the bioecological system model. Examples of each as they influence a child’s development

Answer 2

1. microsystem: day to day setting (family, school, play area) - MOST important interactions
2. mesosystem: connections b/w microsystem (parent teacher conference)
3. exosystem: environment outside the child that indirectly influence the child (parents stressful job)
4. macrosystem: laws, customs, values in which the child lives

Question 3

What is the epigenetic framework? Give an example of how environment influence gene expression

Answer 3

• environmental influences—children’s experiences— affect the expression of their genes
• ex: twins can have different personalities

Question 4

What are the stages of labor?

Answer 4

1. dilation/effacement of cervix: longest stage, contractions, effacement (thinning) dilation (opening) of cervix
2. baby moves through birth canal: crowning (baby’s head emerges from birth canal)
3. deliver the placenta

Question 5

What is birth like for the infant? What does the infant look like after birth?

Answer 5

• a lot of pressure, stressful
• covered with fluids (vernix caseosa)
• skull is large - fontanelles (gaps in baby’s skull to allow for swelling)

Question 6

What medical procedures are conducted with the infant after birth?

Answer 6

• hearing, vision tested
• APGAR (0 - 10) - given 1 and 5 min after birth (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration)

Question 7

What are some complications that arise during birth?

Answer 7

1. anoxia: oxygen deprivation at birth - can lead to brain damage, cognitive delays
2. preterm: 37 weeks or earlier - lower baby weight, increased risk of disabilities

Question 8

What are newborn’s motor & perceptual capacities?

Answer 8

• reflexes: sucking, rooting, palmer grasp, withdrawal - disappear over first 6 months)
• touch: reflex on mouth, palms, soles, genitals
• hearing: hear a wide variety of sounds, attuned to voices, try to localize sounds
• sight: nearsighted at birth, LEAST developed
• taste: prefer sweet tastes
• smell: can identify mom by smell

Question 9

What are the advantages of breastfeeding for mother and baby?

Answer 9

Baby: adjusts nutrients to baby’s age, digestible, prevents illness, easier transition to other foods
Mom: easier, supply adjusts to demand, reduced risk of cancers/depression

Question 10

What is the first type of learning for babies?

Answer 10

classical conditioning

Question 11

Classical conditioning

Answer 11

• develop reflux from unconditioned stimulus that baby’s associate with neutral (conditioned) stimulus
• stimulus becomes conditioned when baby associates it with US
  ex: little Albert, furry animals, loud noise

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

• behaviors become more/less probable depending on consequences
• reinforcement/punishment
• positive vs negative
  ex: seatbelt, good grades, timeout, writing on whiteboard

Question 13

Observational learning

Answer 13

learning from observing behaviors around kids (imitation)
ex: Bobo dolls