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Bio 116H Dr Balish/Zhao > Exam 2 (pre ME 2) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (pre ME 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Broad definition of photosynthesis

A

Process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

Autotroph definition+types

A

Producers, self-feeders, produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

Types

  1. Photoautotroph: light(almost all plants)
  2. Chemoautotroph: Chemicals(H2, H2S)
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3
Q

Heterotroph definition+types

A

Obtain organic materials from other organisms

Types

  1. Get organic material from other living organisms
  2. Consume dead/nonliving organic material
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4
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Sites of photosynthesis

* Found mainly in mesophyll leaf cells

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5
Q

Stomata

A

microscopic pores CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf, located in mesophyll membrane

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6
Q

Thylakoids

A

Connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose of a third membrane system

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7
Q

Grana

A

(plural)stacks of thylakoids

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8
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Pigment that gives leaves their green color, reside in thylakoid membranes

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9
Q

Photosynthesis reaction and type

A

Redox, H2O is oxidized to O2 and CO2 is reduced to O2. Rxn is also anabolic and endergonic

Energy+6CO2+6H2O▶️C6H12O6+6O2

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10
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

A

Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration, cellular respiration produces CO2 and H2O to be used in photosynthesis

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11
Q

What are the parts of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions(photo part) and calvin cycle(synthesis part)

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12
Q

location of light reactions

A

in the thylakoids

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13
Q

Purpose of light reactions

A

Split H2O, Release O2, reduce NADP+ to NADPH and generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation, convert solar energy to chemical energy

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14
Q

What is the electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+

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15
Q

Location of calvin cycle

A

stroma

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16
Q

Purpose of calvin cycle

A

form sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH

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17
Q

What is light used for in the light reactions?(general)

A

It drives the transfer of electrons and H ions from H2O to NADP+

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18
Q

What happens to NADP+ in light reactions?

A

It is reduced to NADPH

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19
Q

What is used in the light reactions?

A

Light, H2O, NADP+, ADP+P

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20
Q

What is produced in the light reactions?

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

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21
Q

Where do NADP+ and ADP+p for the light reactions come from?

A

They are products of the calvin cycle

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22
Q

Where do the ATP and NADPH used in the calvin cycle come from?

A

They are products of the light reactions

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23
Q

What is used in the calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH

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24
Q

What is produced in the calvin cycle?

A

NADP+, ADP+P, and CH2O(sugar)

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25
Q

Types of pigments found in chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll a: the key light-capturing pigment, does most of the work

Chlorophyll b: an accessory pigment

Carotenoids: a separate group of accessory pigments

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26
Q

Structural difference between chlorophyll a and b

A

Chlorophyll a has CH3 in its phosphyrin ring and chlorophyll b has CHO

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27
Q

Structure of chlorophyll pigments and their function

A

They have a phosphyrin ring at the head of the molecule that absorbs light with Mg at the center and a hydrocarbon tail that interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, they have H atoms

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28
Q

What happens to a pigment molecule when it absorbs light

A

It goes from a stable ground state to an unstable excited state. They fall back to the ground state, releasing energy as heat

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29
Q

Fluorescence

A

Pigments that emit light in isolation, creating an afterglow

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30
Q

Photosystem

A

the reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes, located in thylakoid membrane

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31
Q

Reaction-center complex

A

Contains special pair of chlorophyll a molecules that experience electron excitation and the primary electron acceptor

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32
Q

Light-harvesting complexes

A

Contain chlorophyll pigments that transfer energy to the special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

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33
Q

Types of photosystems

A

Photosystem II(PS II): functions first, has P680 chlorophyll in reaction center that best absorbs light at the wavelength 680nm

Photosystem I(PS I): Functions second, has P700 reaction-center chlorophyll that best absorbs the 700nm wavelength

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34
Q

Why is photosystem II called PS II if it functions first?

A

The photosystems are named in their order of discovery

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35
Q

What type of electron flow occurs on the light reactions

A

linear/noncyclic

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36
Q

Steps of light reactions

A
  1. A photon hits a pigment in a light-harvesting complex of PSII, its energy is passed along pigments until it excites P680
  2. An excited electron from P680 is passed to the electron acceptor
  3. H2O is split by enzymes, electrons are transferred from H atoms to P680+, reducing it to P680, O2 is released as a by-product
  4. Electrons fall down ETC from PSII to PSI
  5. Potential energy is stored in proton gradient
  6. Transferred light energy and electrons from PSII excite and reduce P700+ to P700, giving an electron to its primary electron acceptor
  7. Electrons fall down ETC from primary electron acceptor
  8. NADP+ reduced to NADPH
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37
Q

How is H2O used in light reactions retrieved?

A

2H+ + (1/2)O2=H2O

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38
Q

At what point is O2 released in photosynthesis?

A

PSII of light reactions

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39
Q

What drives production of ATP?

A

chemiosmosis

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40
Q

Sequence of ETC between PSII and PSI

A

PSI, pq, cytochrome complex, pc, PSII

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41
Q

Sequence of ETC after PSI

A

PSI, fd, NADP+ reductase, NADPH

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42
Q

NADP+ reductase

A

catalyzes the transfer of electrons to NADP+, making NADPH by adding electrons and H+

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43
Q

General purpose of light reactions for the calvin cycle

A

light reactions provide chemical energy and reducing power the calvin cycle

44
Q

Noncyclic electron flow and its limitation

A

makes equal amount of ATP and NADPH, usually more ATP than NADPH is needed

45
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

When electrons(during light reactions) cycle back from Fd to the PSI reaction center via pc. This produces ATP but not NADPH, no O2 is released

46
Q

How and where is a proton gradient maintained in photosynthesis?

A

In chloroplasts, an ETC pumps protons into the thylakoid space, driving ATP synthesis as the diffuse back into the stroma

47
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

creation of a proton gradient across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP.

48
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of photons

49
Q

Where does NADP+ get H+

A

the stroma

50
Q

Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis

A

H2O is split, 4 protons are translocated across the membrane into the thylakoid space, a H+ is removed from the stroma and taken by NADP+

51
Q

Main purpose of calvin cycle

A

use chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar

52
Q

Metabolism of calvin cycle and why

A

Anabolic, it builds sugar from smaller molecules using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

53
Q

Direct product of calvin cycle

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(G3P)

54
Q

Net synthesis of one G3P

A

3 calvin cycles, fixing 3 molecules of CO2

55
Q

Phases of calvin cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor(RuBP)
56
Q

Carbon fixation phase of calvin cycle

A

Calvin cycle incorporates each CO2 by attaching it to RuBP, catalyzed by rubisco

57
Q

RuBP

A

5 carbon sugar that attaches to CO2 molecules in the calvin cycle, ribulose biphosphate

58
Q

Rubisco

A

enzyme that catalyze attachment of CO2 and RuBP

59
Q

What is done with the G3P from the calvin cycle

A

1 out of 6 is exported and used for making glucose or other products, 5 out of 6 us recycled to regenerate RuBP

60
Q

How much CO2, ATP, and NADPH are used to synthesize one glucose/G3P molecule?

A

3 CO2
9 ATP
6 NADPH

61
Q

Outputs of calvin cycle other than G3P

A

9 ADP, 8 P, 6 NADP+

62
Q

How are 9 ATP put into the calvin cycle, but 9 ADP+8P are made?

A

1 of the P went to the G3P molecule

63
Q

Photorespiration

A

Occurs in light, consumer O2 and produces CO2 like respiration, uses ATP, produces no sugar, happens in hot conditions

64
Q

What is the secondary activity of RuBP?

A

oxygenase

65
Q

C3 plants

A

first organic product of carbon fixation is a 3 carbon compound called 3-phosphoglycerate. Examples include rice, wheat and soybean

66
Q

C4 plants

A

3 carbon compound as first product. Examples include corn and sugar cane

67
Q

CAM plants

A

open their stomata at night and close them during the day, they take in CO2 at night, and use it in the calvin cycle during the day. Use crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM) to fix carbon. Example includes pineapples

68
Q

Types of cells in leaves of C4 plants

A

Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath cells: In mesophyll, enzyme PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP, forming a 4-carbon compound. These compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that enters the calvin cycle

69
Q

Similarities between C4 and CAM plants

A

they both incorporate CO2 into organic intermediates before entering the calvin cycle

70
Q

Differences between C4 and CAM plants

A

The C4 pathway spatially separates the initial steps of carbon fixation from the calvin cycle, while the CAM pathway separates them with time(temporal separation)

71
Q

How do light reactions produce O2?

A

breakdown of H2O

72
Q

How do catabolic pathways release stored energy?

A

transferring electron

73
Q

Reduction/oxidation

A

Reduction: gain electrons, gain energy

Oxidation: loses electrons

74
Q

Cellular respiration reaction

A

C6H12O6+6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O
C6H12O6 is oxidized to CO2
6 O2 is reduced to H2O

75
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme where electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred in cellular respiration

76
Q

FAD+

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide, electron carrier during respiration, electron carrier

77
Q

Electrons carriers/shuttles

A

Carriers: oxidized form, missing H+

Shuttles: reduce form, have H+

78
Q

Major pathways of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric acid cycle(aka krebs or tricaroxylic acid cycle)
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation using ETC
79
Q

Main goal of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Glycolysis: Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation: Pyruvate enters mitochondria and oxidized to Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle: acetyl CoA is further oxidized to CO2

Oxidative phosphorylation: ETC converts chemical energy to a form that can be used in ATP synthesis in the process chemiosmosis

80
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation general definition

A

Process that generates 90% of the ATP in cellular respiration, powered by redox reactions

81
Q

Why does oxidative phosphorylation produce most of the ATP in cellular respiration?

A

it is powered by redox reactions

82
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

a secondary pathway for ATP formation in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, involves direct transfer of phosphate from another organic molecule to ATP

83
Q

Phases of glycolysis and net products

A
  1. Energy investment phase: 2 ATP are used to make 2 ADP+P. G3P produced
  2. Energy payoff phase: 4 ADP+P are used to form 4 ATP and 2 NAD+ +4e-+4H+ make 2NADH and 2H+.

Both of the phases happen to glucose to yield 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O. A net yield of 2 ATP and 2NADH+2H+ happen from glycolysis

84
Q

Pyruvate oxidation in cellular respiration

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA, pyruvate crosses membrane of mitochondria via transport protein, serves as junction of glycolysis and citric acid cycle, 1NAD+ makes NADH+H+ and CO2 is produced. Coenzyme A is added to pyruvate

85
Q

Glycolysis location

A

cytosol outside the mitochondria

86
Q

What process converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate?

A

substrate level-phosphorylation

87
Q

inputs and outputs of 1 turn of the citric acid cycle

A

Input: Pyruvate

Output: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

88
Q

Out of of citric acid cycle from 1 glucose

A

2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2,

89
Q

ETC location(cellular respiration)

A

cristae of mitochondria

90
Q

Electron transport chain in cellular respiration

A

Electrons are transferred from NADH OR FADH2 to the electron transport chain. Carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons. Electrons reach oxygen to make water. Energy is released and sets up an electrochemical gradient across membrane

91
Q

Which electron carriers are least electronegative in cellular respiration?

A

NADH, then FADH2

92
Q

Cytochromes

A

part of the ETC with iron

93
Q

Where is H+ pumped and where is there a gradient in cellular respiration?

A

The ETC is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space

94
Q

Main parts of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. ETC

2. Chemiosmosis (ATP synthase)

95
Q

Which membranes/spaces are analogous in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A

Intermembrane space-thylakoid space

inner membrane-thylakoid membrane

matrix-stroma

96
Q

Where do electrons come from in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis: water

Mitochondria: organic molecules

97
Q

How do mitochondria and chloroplasts use chemiosmosis differently>

A

Mitchondria: transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP

Chloroplasts: Transfer light energy into chemical energy in ATP

98
Q

How much ATP do NADH and FADH yield and which cells use them?

A

1 FADH=1.5 ATP, used in brain cells

1 NADH=2.5 ATP, used in liver and heart cells

99
Q

How is ATP produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

100
Q

How much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation usually yield?

A

26-28 ATP

101
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

uses and ETC with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

102
Q

Fermentation

A

uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an ETC to generate ATP. Consist of glycolysis and reactions the regenerate NAD+ to be reused by glycolysis

103
Q

Types of fermentation

A

Alcohol fermentation: used by yeast, no oxygen is involved, only glycolysis used, 2ATP is gained from glucose

Lactic acid fermentation: no oxygen, only glycolysis, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to NAD+ and lactate as end products, no CO2 released, net gain of 2ATP, used by some bacteria and fungi to make cheese and yogurt as well as human muscle cells, glycolysis occurs and of O2 isn’t present this process occurs

104
Q

What is special about yeast?

A

it uses aerobic respiration as well of alcohol fermentation

105
Q

Similarities between fermentation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

A

All use glycolysis with a net gain of 2 ATP to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy for food, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis

106
Q

Differences between fermentation and cellular respiration

A

They have different mechanisms for oxidizing NADH to NAD+. In fermentation, an organic molecule such as pyruvate acts as the final electrons acceptor. They also have different net yields

107
Q

Why is glycolysis a major intersection of metabolic processes?

A

is accepts a wide range of carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen and several dissacherides

Bio 116H Dr Balish/Zhao (6 decks)

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