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Bio 116H Dr Balish/Zhao > Exam 1(post ME 1) > Flashcards

Exam 1(post ME 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are prokaryotic cells typically smaller than eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells move molecules through diffusion which is limited by inner and outer environment concentrations reaching equilibrium

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2
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Inner and outer layers, made of lipid bilayer, outer later is connected to ER

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3
Q

Vesicles

A

Move along microtubule tracts from ER to golgi

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4
Q

Transcription location

A

nucleus

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5
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

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6
Q

ER lumen

A

space in ER

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7
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

Characteristic of protein that need to pass through membranes

A

nonpolar

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9
Q

soluble proteins

A

synthesized in cytoplasm

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10
Q

Difference between membrane embedded protein synthesis and secreted protein synthesis

A

Embedded proteins have 2 signal sequences where transport stops

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11
Q

cis vs trans golgi

A

Cis is the receiving side and trans in the shipping side

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12
Q

How is the cell membrane built/repaired?

A

Vesicles carry phospholipids, lipids and protrin to make it bigger and take damaged phospholipids away

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13
Q

Which cells have mitchondria?

A

all eukaryotes

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14
Q

semiautonomous organelles

A
  • mitochondria, chloroplasts, plastids
  • reproduce/divide themselves
  • depend on cell for some proteins
  • could not survive on their own
  • originated from endsymbiosis
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15
Q

Where did mitochondria originate from?

A

Oxygen using, nonphotosynthetic prokaryotes

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16
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

Photosynthetic prokaryotes

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17
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • inner and outer membrane: inner membrane folds to increase surface area to make more ATP
  • inter membrane space between inner and outer membrane
  • Matrix: innermost, soluble portion of mitochondria, analogous to cytosol
  • ribosomes
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18
Q

Chloroplast structure

A
  • 3 membranes: inner, outer, and thylakoid membrane
  • Thylakoids are stacked, green and connected
  • Inter-membrane space between inner and outer membrane
  • Stroma: inner, soluble portion of chloroplast
  • ribosomes
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19
Q

Characteristics of multicellularity

A
  • Organisms consist of more than one cell
  • Cells adhere to and recognize one another
  • Cell specialize and tissues form
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20
Q

Do all plants and animals have tissues?

A

All animals except sponges, and all plants have a certain type

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Internal structure of the cell
  • dynamic
  • made of microtubules and filaments
  • all cells have a cytoskeleton, it is more complex in eukaryotes
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22
Q

Microtubules

A
  • part of cytoskeleton
  • Hollow tubes made of tubulin and dimers
  • largest cytoskeleton component
  • cell shape, motility, chromosome movement in division, organelle movement
  • control flagellum
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23
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Two intertwined strands of actin filaments
  • aka actin filaments
  • smallest part of cytoskeleton
  • cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility, division of animal cells, cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
  • Muscle contraction
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24
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • medium sized filaments in cytoskeleton
  • made of several different proteins
  • coiled protein structure
  • cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina
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25
Q

Extracellular matrix

A 
(ECM)
•outside the cell
•gives strength, structural support and organization
•important in cell signaling
•built by endomembrane system
•proteins are embedded in cell membrane
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26
Q

Adhesive proteins

A

Proteins in the ECM
•Fibronectin: connects cells to EVM
•Laminin: connects cells to ECM in basal lamina

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27
Q

Structural ECM proteins

A
  1. Collagen: large fibers, many types, strength

2. Elastin: elastic fibers in ECM

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28
Q

Basal lamina

A

base layer that cells stick to

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29
Q

Animal cell attachment

A
  1. Tight junctions: hold cells together, nothing passes between cells, stitching pattern, different proteins than desmosomes
  2. Gap junction: allows small molecules and ions to flow between cells
  3. Desmosome: Parts of cytoskeleton are attached, gives tissues strength, keeps cells together, protein-protein interaction, no passing through
30
Q

Plant cell attachment

A
  1. Middle lamella: Sugary, sticky, glue like substance secreted by plant cells that holds cells together
  2. Plasmodesmata: Leaves gaps, tubes that penetrate two cells holding them together, substances can travel through the tubes
31
Q

Attachment in bacteria

A

They fibriae, and a pilus/pilii

32
Q

How do vesicles move within cells?

A

Motor proteins “walk” vesicles along microtubules, powered by hydrolyzing ATP

33
Q

What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed?

A

A phosphate group is removed, and it becomes ADP

34
Q

Microtubule organizing centers

A

Basal bodies and centrioles

35
Q

How are cilia and flagellum moved?

A

They are controlled by microtubules in doublets, attached by motor proteins.

36
Q

Centrioles

A

microtubule organizing centers that also organize spindle fibers for mitosis in eukaryotes

37
Q

How are cilia and flagella attached to the cell?

A

the are extensions of the cell that are completely enclosed by cell membranes

38
Q

Genome

A

all of the DNA in a cell

39
Q

Proteome

A

proteins found in a specific type of cell

40
Q

Which cells in the human body have different genomes?

A

red blood cells have different genomes from the rest of the body

41
Q

Differentiation

A

When stem cells turn into a specific cell type as a result of external signals. This process is irreversible

42
Q

What are most cell signals?

A

chemical signals

43
Q

What level of variety is found in cell signaling across all domains of life?

A

There is some variety, but overall similar

44
Q

Steps of cell signaling

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
45
Q

How do bacteria search for food?

A

They “run and tumble”. The swim in a direction, then let their flagella spread out. This process is repeated until food/signals are found

46
Q

How does transduction work?

A

When a signal is received, the receptor changes shape on the inside of the cell, causing further downstream changes

47
Q

What is true of all signal receptors?

A
  • the signal is specific
  • bind of signal causes shape change to receptor
  • most signal receptors are plasma membrane proteins
48
Q

Steroid receptors

A
  • Cell signal receptors inside the cell
  • Go into nucleus after signal binding
  • acts as a transcription factor
49
Q

Transcription factors

A

something that interacts directly with DNA

50
Q

G protein-coupled receptor process

A
  1. Signaling molecule binds to G protein-coupled receptor
  2. G-protein detaches from G protein-coupled receptor and travels to inactive enzyme, this is powered by hydrolysis of ATP
  3. Inactive enzyme is activated when G protein attaches to it
  4. G-protein heads back to G-protein coupled receptor
51
Q

Types of metabolism

A

Catabolic: breaks molecules down via hydrolysis, releases energy, cellular respiration

Anabolic: Builds molecules via dehydration, consumes energy, protein synthesis, photosynthesis

52
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Conservation of energy, energy can not be created or destroyed

53
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer increases entropy of the universe, aka heat is lost in every reaction

54
Q

free energy

A

energy that can do work when pressure and temp are uniform(🔼G)

55
Q

What do high and low levels of free energy indicate

A

High: less stable, greater work capacity

Low: More stable, less work capacity

56
Q

Exergonic/endergonic reactions

A

Exergonic: net release of free energy(🔼G<0), spontaneous, catabolic

Endergonic: Absorbs free energy from surroundings, not spontaneous, (🔼G>0), anabolic,

57
Q

ATP components and name

A

Name: Adenosine triphosphate

Components: ribose, adenine(a nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups

58
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

Terminal P from P tail is removed, energy comes from moving to a state of lower free energy

59
Q

How does ATP power the cell?

A

Coupling endergonic and exergonic reactions

60
Q

Types of work a cell does

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Transport
  3. Mechanical
61
Q

How can reactions be coupled in metabolic pathways?

A

Energy from an exergonic reaction can be used as activation energy for an endergonic reaction

62
Q

How is ATP recycled

A

ADP can be made back into ATP

63
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

The decrease the activation energy of a reaction by

  1. orienting substrates correctly
  2. straining substrate bonds
  3. providing a favorable microenvironment
  4. covalently bonding to the substrate
64
Q

Active site

A

Region of the enzyme where the substate fits

65
Q

Things that change the shape of an enzyme

A
  1. Cofactors: inorganic

2. Coenzymes: organic

66
Q

Competitive vs noncompetitive inhibitors

A

Competitive: bind to active site of enzyme, competing with substrate

Noncompetitive: bind to a part of the enzyme other than the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape, making the active site less effective

67
Q

Allosteric activator/inhibitor

A

Changes shape or stability of the enzyme by binding to a location on the enzyme other than the active site

68
Q

feedback inhibition

A

When the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits enzymes of the initial substrate so that the end product is not overproduced. When the end product is used by the cell, more is allowed to be produced

69
Q

Parts of endomembrane system

A

Nucleus, ER, golgi, membrane

70
Q

Myosin

A

protein activate in contraction of muscle tissue. They have alternating filaments with actin filaments. They contain myosin heads that move along actin filaments using ATP. The filaments are pulled over myosin heads causing contraction

71
Q

Cristae

A

Part of inner membrane of mitochondria that fold to increase surface area

71
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

gives support to nucleus, gives it spherical shape and strength, lies in the inside of the nuclear membrane to make it sturdy, like a cytoskeleton of the nucleus, fibers run in a matrix pattern to give it shape/support

Bio 116H Dr Balish/Zhao (6 decks)

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