Exam 2 Practice Questions

Question 1

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water transport across
the epithelial cells lining the small intestines?
a. It transports via osmosis
b. It uses specialized transport proteins called aquaporins on the apical side
c. It is always passive
d. It moves through facilitated diffusion on the basolateral side
e. It moves towards high concentrations of solute

Answer 1

d. It moves through facilitated diffusion on the basolateral side

Question 2

Which of the following would decrease the time of an action
potential propagation?
a. Adding novocaine into a cell
b. Increasing the diameter of the axon
c. Removing myelin sheath
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 2

b. Increasing the diameter of the axon

Question 3

Where are the receptors for prostaglandins located?
a. Plasma Membrane
b. Blood vessels
c. Cytosol
d. Mitocondria

Answer 3

c. Cytosol

Question 4

If there is a nonpolar molecule that is in a higher concentration
outside the cell compared to inside, what type of transport will it
use to get inside the cell?
a. Simple diffusion
b. Secondary active transport
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Primary active transport

Answer 4

a. Simple diffusion

Question 5

If someone is injecting testosterone into their body and large
quantities of testosterone are around/inside of cells, how would this
affect testosterone receptors within the cells?
a. Since there is more testosterone readily available, we will see
up-regulation in the number of receptors
b. They will decrease the number of receptors
c. There will be no change in the number of receptors
d. It is impossible to predict how this will affect the number of
receptors

Answer 5

b. They will decrease the number of receptors

Question 6

Which type of neuron passes information to the central
nervous system?
a. Efferent
b. Somatic
c. Afferent
d. Sympathetic

Answer 6

c. Afferent

Question 7

The Krebs cycle ___ acetyl-coa intermediates to form ____
a. Oxidizes, NAD+
b. Reduces, NADH
c. Oxidizes, NADH
d. Reduces, NAD+

Answer 7

c. Oxidizes, NADH

Question 8

Which of the following proteins pumps hydrogen ions into the
mitochondrial matrix?
a. Complex II
b. Cytochrome C
c. Complex I
d. Complex IV
e. None of the above

Answer 8

e. None of the above`

Question 9

Interleukin-1 is a chemical messenger that is secreted by some
white blood cells. Interleukin-1 has receptors on the same white
blood cells that secrete it. What class of chemical messenger is this
(best answer)?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Endocrine

Answer 9

b. Autocrine

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of simple diffusion?
A) Water entering the cell through aquaporins
B) Na+/ K+ pump
C) Sodium facilitating glucose transport
D) Atmospheric Oxygen passing through the plasma membrane

Answer 10

D) Atmospheric Oxygen passing through the plasma membrane

Question 11

What is the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
A) Receives information from other neurons
B) Forms synapse with another neuron or effector cell
C) Point of initiation of action potentials
D) Controls cell functions

Answer 11

C) Point of initiation of action potentials

Question 12

If the solute concentration of the fluid inside the cell is 500
milliosmoles and the solute concentration of the fluid outside the
cell is 300 milliosmoles, what would you expect to happen with
regard to osmosis?
a. Water will move from outside to inside the cell
b. Water will move from inside to outside the cell
c. Water will not move
d. Solute will move from outside to inside the cell

Answer 12

a. Water will move from outside to inside the cell

Question 13

Which motor neurons do we NOT have conscious control over?
a. Somatic neuron
b. Parasympathetic neuron
c. Sympathetic neuron
d. B & C are correct

Answer 13

d. B & C are correct

Question 14

Describe the Ion concentrations associated with intracellular
and extracellular fluid of a neuron
a. ↑[Na+] inside, ↓[K+] outside
b. ↑ [Ca2+] inside, ↓[Na+] outside
c. ↑ [K+] inside, ↑[Na+] outside
d. ↓ [K+] inside, ↓ [Na+] outside
e. There is an equal ion concentration in neurons at resting
potential

Answer 14

c. ↑ [K+] inside, ↑[Na+] outside

Question 15

Na+ exists in drinking water. When you drink water, Na+ is
absorbed past the epithelial cells lining the small intestines and into
the blood. What mechanism is used to get Na+ past 1) the apical and
then 2) the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells (no glucose
present)?
a. Primary active transport; secondary active transport
b. Secondary active transport; primary active transport
c. Diffusion through channels; primary active transport
d. Diffusion through channels; secondary active transport

Answer 15

c. Diffusion through channels; primary active transport

Question 16

How do drugs like aspirin work to block pain caused by
headaches?
a. Increases catecholamine synthesis
b. Inhibiting the COX enzyme
c. Decreases the concentration of arachidonic acid
d. Increases prostaglandin synthesis

Answer 16

b. Inhibiting the COX enzyme

Question 17

With regard to depolarization, which of the following occurs
when any given region of the axon hits -55mv?
a. Inactivation gates on the voltage gated sodium channels close
b. Activation gates on the voltage gated sodium channels open
c. Voltage gated potassium channels close
d. Activation gates on voltage gated sodium channels close

Answer 17

b. Activation gates on the voltage gated sodium channels open

Question 18

A Non-Thyroidal Amine messenger acts upon its target cell.
Where is its receptor located and why must it be in this location?
a. Amine messengers have receptors in the cytosol and cell
membrane.
b. Within the cell (cytosol). Hydrophilic messengers can easily cross
the plasma membrane.
c. Cell membrane. Hydrophilic messengers are unable to cross the
plasma membrane.
d. Exterior cell membrane. Hydrophobic messengers are unable to
cross the plasma membrane.

Answer 18

c. Cell membrane. Hydrophilic messengers are unable to cross the
plasma membrane.

Question 19

What is the mechanism that creates an electrochemical
gradient that powers ATP synthase allowing it to resynthesize ATP
during Oxidative Phosphorylation?
a. NADH is oxidized, leaves H ion in matrix→ e- passed between
complexes via redox reactions → passage of e- powers pumps
sending H ions into intermembrane space
b. NADH is reduced, leaves H ion in matrix→ e- passed between
complexes via redox reactions → passage of e- powers pumps
sending H ions into intermembrane space
c. NADH is oxidized, leaves H ion in intermembrane space→ e- passed
between complexes via redox reactions → passage of e- powers
pumps sending H ions into matrix
d. NADH is reduced, leaves H ion in intermembrane space→ e- passed
between complexes via redox reactions → passage of e- powers
pumps sending H ions into matrix

Answer 19

a. NADH is oxidized, leaves H ion in matrix→ e- passed between
complexes via redox reactions → passage of e- powers pumps

Question 20

Which molecule is most likely to travel across a plasma
membrane via simple diffusion?
a. Sodium
b. CO2
c. Potassium
d. Calcium
e. Glucose

Answer 20

b. CO2

Question 21

Why is oxygen important in the electron transport chain?
a. Oxidizes Complex IV
b. Reduces Complex IV
c. Forms water
d. Oxygen is not important for the electron transport chain

Answer 21

a. Oxidizes Complex IV

Question 22

When exposed to viral infected cells, T-cells in our body release
protein-filled vesicles called cytokines in the extracellular fluid.
What is this an example of?
a. Endocytosis
b. Simple Diffusion
c. Active Transport
d. Exocytosis

Answer 22

d. Exocytosis

Question 23

Which of the following refers to the time frame in which an
action potential will not generate a second depolarization no matter
what?
a. Delay refractory period
b. Absolute refractory period
c. Equilibrium refractory period
d. Relative refractory period

Answer 23

b. Absolute refractory period

Question 24

Place the following events in order:
I. The neurotransmitter inside the synaptic vesicles is released via
exocytosis.
II. The ligand-gated channels on the postsynaptic neuron open.
III. The voltage-gated calcium channels on the axon terminal open.
IV. The neurotransmitter binds to the ligand-gated channels on the
postsynaptic neuron.
a. I, III, IV, II
b. III, I, IV, II
c. II, IV, I, III
d. IV, I, III, II

Answer 24

b. III, I, IV, II

Question 25

Which of the following is true regarding the first half of
hyperpolarization?
a. The cell is more permeable to potassium in comparison to the
resting membrane potential
b. The interior of the cell is more positive than the resting
membrane potential
c. The leak channels in the cell membrane close
d. The voltage gated sodium channels in the cell membrane are
open

Answer 25

a. The cell is more permeable to potassium in comparison to the
resting membrane potential

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding osmosis are
correct?
I. Water moves from an area of low osmolarity to high osmolarity.
II. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area
of high solute concentration.
III. A cell swells when submerged in a hyper-osmotic solution.
IV. A red blood cell will shrink when submerged in a hypo-osmotic
solution.
a. II only
b. II and III
c. III and IV
d. I and II

Answer 26

d. I and II

Question 27

Where in the cell is water a byproduct of ATP production?
a. ATP-PC system
b. The Krebs Cycle
c. The Citric Acid Cycle
d. The Electron Transport Chain

Answer 27

d. The Electron Transport Chain

Question 28

Where does the electron transport chain pump hydrogen ions?
a. From the matrix to the intermembrane space
b. From the outer membrane to the matrix
c. From the outer membrane to the intermembrane space
d. From the cytosol of the cell just past the outer membrane

Answer 28

a. From the matrix to the intermembrane space

Question 29

Why do Hydrogen ions want to come back into the matrix of the mitochondria?
I. The concentration gradient of there being less hydrogens in the matrix compared to the intermembrane space
II. The electrical driving force of the matrix being more negative and the intermembrane space being more positive
III. Oxygen when it has 8 electrons is so electronegative it pulls the positive hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
a. Both II and III
b. Both I and II
c. I, II, and III are all correct

Answer 29

b. Both I and II

Question 30

If oxygen was not present, how would this affect the electron transport chain
A. The fourth complex would accumulate electrons as O2 would not be there to remove them
B. Nothing, O2 is not needed for the ETC
C. O2 would not be able to oxidize intermediates in the Krebs
cycle, and thus the electron transport chain won’t even be able to start
D. O2 would not be present to pump electrons into the intermembrane space

Answer 30

A. The fourth complex would accumulate electrons as O2 would not be there to remove them

Question 31

Which of the following correctly pairs a tropic hormone with
its respective regulated hormone?
a. Thyroid stimulating hormone and aldosterone/cortisol
b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and progesterone
c. Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen
d. Luteinizing hormone and thyroid hormone

Answer 31

c. Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

Question 32

What would you expect to happen to dopamine receptors if there were excessively low levels of dopamine around the cell over the course of several weeks?
a. The cell would upregulate the number of receptors
b. Receptors would change their conformational orientation to
not open as easily
c. The cell would downupregulate the number of receptors
d. They would stay permanently open and never close

Answer 32

a. The cell would upregulate the number of receptors

Question 33

If someone is taking anabolic steroids, there will be a significant increase in testosterone. What would you expect to happen next?
a. The hypothalamus will increase the amount of GnRH released
b. LH and FSH will be produced in the anterior pituitary gland
c. The anterior pituitary will not release FSH and LH
d. The hypothalamus will not release GnRH
e. Both A and C
f. Both and C and D

Answer 33

f. Both and C and D

Question 34

35. True or False: Beta blockers decrease the heart rate by blocking epinephrine from binding. This would make beta blockers
    an agonist
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 34

b. False

Question 35

In the PNS, what is a group of neuronal soma called?
a. Nucleus
b. Nerve
c. Tract
d. Ganglion

Answer 35

d. Ganglion

Question 36

How does glucose move through the apical side of the epithelial cells?
a. Secondary active transport
b. Primary active transport
c. Passive Diffusion
d. Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 36

a. Secondary active transport

Question 37

When a solution has a lower osmolarity than inside the cell and has a tendency to lose water into the cell which causes swelling, the
solution is considered…
a. Hypo-osmotic
b. Hyper-osmotic
c. Iso-osmotic
d. None of the above

Answer 37

a. Hypo-osmotic