Exam 2 - Powerpoint 3 (Ointments)

Question 1

Transdermal

Answer 1

deliver drug to skin for entry into systemic circulation

Transdermal not same as topical

Question 2

Topical

Answer 2

Local effect on skin, not systemic like transdermal

Question 3

Humectants

Answer 3

Draw moisture

Question 4

Emollients

Answer 4

Exfoliate skin

Question 5

Topical Dermatological’s

Pro vs Con

Answer 5

Pro:
Drug goes to site of action
Minimal amount of drug needed
Low risk systemic adverse events

Con
Absorption of drug
Skin irritation
Application process

Question 6

Ointment

Answer 6

Semisolid preparation intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes that soften or melt at body temp

Question 7

Oleaginous Bases (Hydrocarbon Base)

Answer 7

Emollient, protective and Occlusive effects (prevents moisture from escaping, keeping it moist)

Immiscible with water

Levigating agents (like mineral oil) can be used if drug being incorporated is a powder

Question 8

Absorption bases

Answer 8

Anhydrous Absorption bases
Emulsion bases

occlusive but not as much as oleaginous bases, not easily removed…..external phase is oil

Question 9

Anhydrous absorption bases

Answer 9

permit incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in Water in Oil (W/O) emulsions

Question 10

Emulsion bases

Answer 10

permit incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions

Question 11

Emulsion

Answer 11

Dispersed phase - Oil and Water separate

Continuous phase - All mixed together

Sulfectants used to prevent emulsion going back to dispersed phase

Question 12

emulsifiers

Answer 12

used to prepare emulsions such as cream and lotions

Question 13

Water-Removable bases

Answer 13

Oil in water (O/W) emulsions resembling creams

External phase of emulsion is water, easily removed from skin

absorbs serous discharges

Question 14

Water-soluble bases

Answer 14

Do not contain oleaginous components
Can contain and absorb water
water washable, greaseless
used in incorporation of solid drug substance

Question 15

PEG 1-1000+ (M/w)

Answer 15

PEG 1 - 600 = Liquid
PEG 600 - 1000 = semi solid
PEG 1000+ = solid

Question 16

Table: Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon

Answer 16

Water soluble? N
Water washable? N 
water absorption capability? N
contain water? N
contain emulsifiers? N 
occlusibe/greasy? Y 
Easy spread? N

Question 17

Table: Anhydrous

Answer 17

Water soluble? N 
Water washable? MOD
water absorption capability? Y
contain water? N 
contain emulsifiers? Y W/O
occlusibe/greasy? Y
Easy spread? N

Question 18

Table: Emulsion:

Answer 18

Water soluble? N
Water washable? MOD 
water absorption capability? Y 
contain water? Y
contain emulsifiers? Y W/O
occlusibe/greasy? MOD 
Easy spread? MOD

Question 19

Table: Water removable

Answer 19

Water soluble? 
Water washable? Y
water absorption capability? Y
contain water? Y
contain emulsifiers? Y O/W
occlusibe/greasy? MOD
Easy spread? Y

Question 20

Table: Water soluble

Answer 20

Water soluble? Y
Water washable? Y 
water absorption capability? Y 
contain water? Y AND N
contain emulsifiers? N 
occlusibe/greasy? N 
Easy spread? MOD

Question 21

Selection of appropriate base

Answer 21

release rate of drug form ointment (strong affinity = no good)

occlusion of moisture from skin

stability of drug

removal by washing with water

topical percutaneous drug absorption

Question 22

Incorporation method

Answer 22

Used to prepare ointments

Ingredients are mixed until uniform mixture is attained

Question 23

Fusion Method

Answer 23

Melt and mix

Components are melted and allowed to congeal under constant stirring.

W/O - add water slowly to oil phase
O/W - add oil slowly to aqueous phase

Add drug while congealing when its cooler due to heat

Question 24

Ointment Compendia Requirements

Answer 24

Microbial Content <1111>
USP Minium Fill Test <755> (Have amount says it has)
Stability <795> (BUD)

Question 25

Nonsterile BUD

Answer 25

BUD of 30 days, or intended duration, whiter is shorter

Question 26

Creams

Answer 26

soft solids or thick liquids for external application

Semisolid, pseudoplastic flow

recently term restricted to products consisting of Oil-in-water emulsions…used to be either or

Question 27

Pseudoplastic flow

Answer 27

Think ketchup, need to apply pressure/shake for it to get moving…same concept creams

Question 28

Gels

Answer 28

Semisolid systems consisting of dispersion of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle

Question 29

Single Phase Gel

Answer 29

Gels in which macromolecules are uniformly distributed through liquid, usually involves organics

Question 30

Two Phase Gel

Answer 30

When gel consists of floccules of small distinct particles, usually inorganic

Milk of magnesia

Question 31

Gel Composition

Answer 31

Gelling agent
Water
Cosolvents
Preservatives
Stabilizers

Question 32

Gelling agent

Answer 32

Synthetic Macromolecules
Natural gums
Alginic Acid

Question 33

Pastes

Answer 33

Thick, stiff ointments that don’t flow at body temp

Usually >20% solids

Semisolid, dilatant flow

Question 34

Plasters

Answer 34

Solid or semisolid preparations that cannot be spread at room temp

Ie. Wart remover, 40% salicylic acid plaster

Question 35

Lotion

Answer 35

Not semisolid, Free flowing (flow under gravity)

Term being phased out, it can be a suspension, solution or emulsion currently

Question 36

Application Areas Dermatologicals

Answer 36

Lotions:
Intertriginous areas, place where skin rubs together

Creams:
Moist, weeping lesions

Ointments:
Dry, scaly lesions

Question 37

Other routes of Admin

Answer 37

Ophthalmic
Nasal
Rectal
Vaginal