Exam 2 - Powerpoint 3 (Ointments) Flashcards by Patryk Lasiuk

Transdermal

deliver drug to skin for entry into systemic circulation

Transdermal not same as topical

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Topical

Local effect on skin, not systemic like transdermal

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Humectants

Draw moisture

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Emollients

Exfoliate skin

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Topical Dermatological’s

Pro vs Con

Pro:
Drug goes to site of action
Minimal amount of drug needed
Low risk systemic adverse events

Con
Absorption of drug
Skin irritation
Application process

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Ointment

Semisolid preparation intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes that soften or melt at body temp

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Oleaginous Bases (Hydrocarbon Base)

Emollient, protective and Occlusive effects (prevents moisture from escaping, keeping it moist)

Immiscible with water

Levigating agents (like mineral oil) can be used if drug being incorporated is a powder

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Absorption bases

Anhydrous Absorption bases
Emulsion bases

occlusive but not as much as oleaginous bases, not easily removed…..external phase is oil

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Anhydrous absorption bases

permit incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in Water in Oil (W/O) emulsions

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Emulsion bases

permit incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions

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Emulsion

Dispersed phase - Oil and Water separate

Continuous phase - All mixed together

Sulfectants used to prevent emulsion going back to dispersed phase

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emulsifiers

used to prepare emulsions such as cream and lotions

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Water-Removable bases

Oil in water (O/W) emulsions resembling creams

External phase of emulsion is water, easily removed from skin

absorbs serous discharges

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Water-soluble bases

Do not contain oleaginous components
Can contain and absorb water
water washable, greaseless
used in incorporation of solid drug substance

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PEG 1-1000+ (M/w)

PEG 1 - 600 = Liquid
PEG 600 - 1000 = semi solid
PEG 1000+ = solid

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Table: Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon

Water soluble? N
Water washable? N 
water absorption capability? N
contain water? N
contain emulsifiers? N 
occlusibe/greasy? Y 
Easy spread? N

Table: Anhydrous

Water soluble? N 
Water washable? MOD
water absorption capability? Y
contain water? N 
contain emulsifiers? Y W/O
occlusibe/greasy? Y
Easy spread? N

Table: Emulsion:

Water soluble? N
Water washable? MOD 
water absorption capability? Y 
contain water? Y
contain emulsifiers? Y W/O
occlusibe/greasy? MOD 
Easy spread? MOD

Table: Water removable

Water soluble? 
Water washable? Y
water absorption capability? Y
contain water? Y
contain emulsifiers? Y O/W
occlusibe/greasy? MOD
Easy spread? Y

Table: Water soluble

Water soluble? Y
Water washable? Y 
water absorption capability? Y 
contain water? Y AND N
contain emulsifiers? N 
occlusibe/greasy? N 
Easy spread? MOD

Selection of appropriate base

release rate of drug form ointment (strong affinity = no good)

occlusion of moisture from skin

stability of drug

removal by washing with water

topical percutaneous drug absorption

Incorporation method

Used to prepare ointments

Ingredients are mixed until uniform mixture is attained

Fusion Method

Melt and mix

Components are melted and allowed to congeal under constant stirring.

W/O - add water slowly to oil phase
O/W - add oil slowly to aqueous phase

Add drug while congealing when its cooler due to heat

Ointment Compendia Requirements

Microbial Content <1111>
USP Minium Fill Test <755> (Have amount says it has)
Stability <795> (BUD)

Nonsterile BUD

BUD of 30 days, or intended duration, whiter is shorter

Creams

soft solids or thick liquids for external application Semisolid, pseudoplastic flow recently term restricted to products consisting of Oil-in-water emulsions...used to be either or

Pseudoplastic flow

Think ketchup, need to apply pressure/shake for it to get moving...same concept creams

Gels

Semisolid systems consisting of dispersion of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle

Single Phase Gel

Gels in which macromolecules are uniformly distributed through liquid, usually involves organics

Two Phase Gel

When gel consists of floccules of small distinct particles, usually inorganic Milk of magnesia

Gel Composition

``` Gelling agent Water Cosolvents Preservatives Stabilizers ```

Gelling agent

Synthetic Macromolecules Natural gums Alginic Acid

Pastes

Thick, stiff ointments that don't flow at body temp Usually >20% solids Semisolid, dilatant flow

Plasters

Solid or semisolid preparations that cannot be spread at room temp Ie. Wart remover, 40% salicylic acid plaster

Lotion

Not semisolid, Free flowing (flow under gravity) Term being phased out, it can be a suspension, solution or emulsion currently

Application Areas Dermatologicals

Lotions: Intertriginous areas, place where skin rubs together Creams: Moist, weeping lesions Ointments: Dry, scaly lesions

Other routes of Admin

Ophthalmic Nasal Rectal Vaginal