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Pharmaceutics I > Exam 2 - Powerpoint 2 (Capsules) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Powerpoint 2 (Capsules) Flashcards

1
Q

Capsules

A

“Unit doses of powder, semisolid or liquid drugs enclosed within either a hard or soft envelope, or shell”

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2
Q

Types of Capsules

A

Gelatin (Hard and Soft)

Vegetable

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3
Q

Advantages of capsules

A 
Convenience compared to a liquid
Easy to identify with colors or markings
No need for spoons or other measuring devices
Tasteless
Allows flexibility in dosing
Easy to transport
Easy to take
Manufacturing cost is low with minimal breakage
Longer stability than liquid dosage form
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4
Q

Hard Gelatin Capsules

A

Components (Gelatin, sugar, H2O)

may be colored (FD&C + D&C dyes)
may be opaque (titanium dioxide)

Gelatin is soluble in hot water and gastric fluid

Protect from moisture using desiccants in the packing

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5
Q

Capsule Identification

A

size, shape and color are visual characteristics

Brand identification, quality perception, counterfeit prevention

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6
Q

Dye

A

Chemical that shows color when it is dissolved in an aqueous base, not oil base

Can “bleed” or migrate from one part of a product to another

FD&C, D&C, External D&C

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7
Q

Capsule Preparation Steps

A 
Comminution
Blending
Determine capsule size
Add additional diluent as needed
Encapsulate
Clean 
Quality control
Package and label
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8
Q

Coni-Snap Capsules

A

Fill the “body” of capsule

Cap has a ring that locks into dimple on the body when its fully locked

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9
Q

How to select capsule size?

A

Choice depends on amount of material, compressibility and density

Capsule # 000 more for vet use, very big rare for people

increasing #, smaller the mg content

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10
Q

Diluents or adsorbents

A

provide bulk to the formulation, can reduce moisture

Ex. Lactose, cellulose

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11
Q

Disintegrates

A

to assist in the break-up and distribution of the capsule contents
Ex. pre-gelatinized starch

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12
Q

Glidants

A

enhance the flow properties of the powder mix

Ex. silicon dioxide, talc

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13
Q

Wetting agents

A

Faciliate wetting of the dry powder

Ex. surfactant

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14
Q

Wetting agents

A

Faciliate wetting of the dry powder

Ex. surfactant

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15
Q

Capsule within a capsule

A

For potent, small dose powders

For separation of incompatible ingredients

Altered release capsules (part gives burst, other helps sustain)

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16
Q

Capsule Closures

A

Extemporaneous Compounding:
use hydroalcoholic solution to seal
hot pin

Manufactoring:
Gelatin band (KAPSEALS)
Heat Welded band or thermally coupled

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17
Q

Soft Gelatin Capsules Components

A

Gelatin, Plasticizers, Colorants/ Opaquants, Preservatives (for microbial growth)

easy to swallow

Encapsulate and hermetically seal liquids

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18
Q

Capsule compendial Requirements

A

Disintegration Tests
Dissolutions Tests
Content Uniformity and Weight Variation
stability tests

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19
Q

Tablets

A

solid dosage forms contains medical substances with or without suitable excipients

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20
Q

Tablet info

A

Most frequently prescribed dose

Can be manufactured at a rate of thousands/min

Can be scored or grooved, engraved or imprinted, many different shapes

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21
Q

Tablet advantages

A 
Accurate dosage/minimum variability
Concentration variability 
Elegance
Low Cost
Easiest/cheapest to package and ship
Product identification is simple
Ease of administration
Special release profiles possible
Suited for large-scale production
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22
Q

Tablet disadvantages

A

Absorption by the patient can vary
Pediatric and geriatric patients cant swallow
Bitter tasting drugs need coating
GI irritation
Hydroscopic drugs are not suitable for tablets
Low density and amorphous are difficult to compress

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23
Q

Tablets ingested orally

A 
Compressed tab (Actaminophen)
Multiple compressed tab (tab inside tab)
Repeat action
Delayed release (enteric coated bisacodyl tab)
Sugar coated (multivit)
Film coated (metronidazole)
Chewable tab (antacid)
24
Q

Tablets used in Oral Cavity

A 
Buccal (Vitamin-C tab)
Sublingual tab (Vicks Menthol tabs)
25
Q

Vaginal tablets

A

aka “inserts”

Made by compression, comes with insertion device

26
Q

Tablets used to prepare solution

A

Effervescent tablet (Aspirin)

27
Q

Common tablet excipients

A 
Diluents
Binders or adhesives
Disintegrants
Glidants
Lubricants
Antiadhesives
28
Q

Diluents

A

Increase bulk and enhance compression

29
Q

Binders or Adhesives

A

Promote adhesion of the particles in the formulation

30
Q

Disintegrants

A

Promote breakup of tablets in GI

31
Q

Glidants

A

Improve flow properties

32
Q

Lubricants

A

Reduce friction during tablet compression

33
Q

Antiadhesives

A

Prevent tablets from sticking to equipment

34
Q

Multiple compressed Tablets

A

Tablet w/in Tablet: If two component not compatible

Layered Tablet: One side can do burst, other sustain

Prepared by subjecting fill material to more than 1 compression

35
Q

Sugar - Coated Tablets

A

compressed tablets coated with sugar coating

Long process of laying, multiple coats

Barrier to taste/odor and protects drug from air/water

36
Q

Film - Coated Tablets

A

Compressed tablets with polymer coating layered onto the tablet as a thin film

durable, less bulky and time consuming compared to sugar coated

37
Q

Gelatin - Coated Tablets

A

Helps facilitate swallowing and more tamper evident

GELPCAP: Capsule-shaped, compressed tablet that is coated with a thin layer of gelatin

38
Q

Enteric - Coated Tablets

A

Delayed release

Coating generally dissolves in a higher pH range

Protects drug at acidic pH range

39
Q

Buccal and Sublingual Tablets

A

Bypass liver, directly into systemic circulation very fast

Protects from gastric juices, alternative for drugs poorly absorbed GI tract

Designed to be dissolved in cheek (Buccal pouch) or under tongue (sublingual)

40
Q

Lozenges and troches

A

Solid dosage form with medical agent in hard candy or sugar base intended to be dissolved oral cavity for local effects

Fentanyl lollipops made for cancer pain by compounding pharmacy

41
Q

Chewable Tablets

A

For children, adults who have trouble swallowing

Flavoring important (Mannitol + other sweeteners)

Must be chewed for rapid disintegration, not swallowed.

42
Q

Effervescent Tablets

A

Compressed tabs with effervescent salt that release carbonation when put in water

43
Q

Molded tablets

A

can be made by molding without compression, extemporaneously made.

Soft and dissolve rapidly

44
Q

Rapidly disintegrating or Dissolving Tablets

A

Lyophilized Foam:
mixture poured into mold and freeze dried, mold becomes package.
Zofran ODT

Compression:
Mildly compressed tablets containing super-disintegrants

45
Q

Extended - Release tablets

A

Mechanism used in tabs or capsules to…
affect rate of drug release
slow transit time of drug through GI tract

Reduces dose frequency, and less change in blood levels

46
Q

Imprinting of tablets/capsules

A

Required by FDA for drugs intended for human use, Rx and OTC

Product specific ID codes

Exempt drugs - investigational, compounded, radiopharmaceuticals, and ones you can imprint

47
Q

Desirable Characteristics of Compressed Tablets

A 
Hardness = 5-6kg
Thickness = 2.0 mm
Weight = 200 mg +/- 5%
Content uniformity = 95 - 102%
Disintegration = < 5min
48
Q

Film coating

A

thin coat of plastic like material over tab, resistant to abrasion and imprint/shape/size retained

Aqueous coating preferred

49
Q

Enteric Coatings

A

Designed to dissolve at pH of 4.8 or higher

Has a bunch of layers, like an onion

50
Q

Packaging and storage

A

Tight containers, in places of low humidity and no extreme temps

Desiccant used if med prone to decomp by moisture

Light resistant for light sensitive

51
Q

Extended Release Tech

A

Multitablet system has small spheres coated for various release times

Ion-exchange resin released drug based on pH and electrolyte conc in GI tract

52
Q

Osmotic Pump

A

Tablet surrounded with a semipermeable membrane with a 0.4 mm diameter hole made with laser

Once swallowed, water enters the tablet and forces the solution out using osmotic pressure

53
Q

Lake pigemnts

A

Synthetic insoluble colorants

insoluble material in aqueous solutions that colors by dispersion

Made by precipitating and adsorbing water-soluble dye onto a substrate, usually calcium and aluminum salts

54
Q

Lake colors

A

Used in cosmetic and food industry

They are oil soluble

Used in edible products

55
Q

Tablet Compendia Requirements

A 
Thickness - done by die and pressure
Hardness
Friability - tendency to crumble
Content uniformity and weight variation
disintegration - 2 - 30 min
Dissolution

Pharmaceutics I (11 decks)

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