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Pharmaceutics I > Exam 2 - Powerpoint 2 (Capsules) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Powerpoint 2 (Capsules) Flashcards

1
Q

Capsules

A

“Unit doses of powder, semisolid or liquid drugs enclosed within either a hard or soft envelope, or shell”

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2
Q

Types of Capsules

A

Gelatin (Hard and Soft)

Vegetable

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3
Q

Advantages of capsules

A 
Convenience compared to a liquid
Easy to identify with colors or markings
No need for spoons or other measuring devices
Tasteless
Allows flexibility in dosing
Easy to transport
Easy to take
Manufacturing cost is low with minimal breakage
Longer stability than liquid dosage form
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4
Q

Hard Gelatin Capsules

A

Components (Gelatin, sugar, H2O)

may be colored (FD&C + D&C dyes)
may be opaque (titanium dioxide)

Gelatin is soluble in hot water and gastric fluid

Protect from moisture using desiccants in the packing

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5
Q

Capsule Identification

A

size, shape and color are visual characteristics

Brand identification, quality perception, counterfeit prevention

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6
Q

Dye

A

Chemical that shows color when it is dissolved in an aqueous base, not oil base

Can “bleed” or migrate from one part of a product to another

FD&C, D&C, External D&C

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7
Q

Capsule Preparation Steps

A 
Comminution
Blending
Determine capsule size
Add additional diluent as needed
Encapsulate
Clean 
Quality control
Package and label
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8
Q

Coni-Snap Capsules

A

Fill the “body” of capsule

Cap has a ring that locks into dimple on the body when its fully locked

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9
Q

How to select capsule size?

A

Choice depends on amount of material, compressibility and density

Capsule # 000 more for vet use, very big rare for people

increasing #, smaller the mg content

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10
Q

Diluents or adsorbents

A

provide bulk to the formulation, can reduce moisture

Ex. Lactose, cellulose

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11
Q

Disintegrates

A

to assist in the break-up and distribution of the capsule contents
Ex. pre-gelatinized starch

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12
Q

Glidants

A

enhance the flow properties of the powder mix

Ex. silicon dioxide, talc

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13
Q

Wetting agents

A

Faciliate wetting of the dry powder

Ex. surfactant

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14
Q

Wetting agents

A

Faciliate wetting of the dry powder

Ex. surfactant

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15
Q

Capsule within a capsule

A

For potent, small dose powders

For separation of incompatible ingredients

Altered release capsules (part gives burst, other helps sustain)

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16
Q

Capsule Closures

A

Extemporaneous Compounding:
use hydroalcoholic solution to seal
hot pin

Manufactoring:
Gelatin band (KAPSEALS)
Heat Welded band or thermally coupled

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17
Q

Soft Gelatin Capsules Components

A

Gelatin, Plasticizers, Colorants/ Opaquants, Preservatives (for microbial growth)

easy to swallow

Encapsulate and hermetically seal liquids

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18
Q

Capsule compendial Requirements

A

Disintegration Tests
Dissolutions Tests
Content Uniformity and Weight Variation
stability tests

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19
Q

Tablets

A

solid dosage forms contains medical substances with or without suitable excipients

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20
Q

Tablet info

A

Most frequently prescribed dose

Can be manufactured at a rate of thousands/min

Can be scored or grooved, engraved or imprinted, many different shapes

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21
Q

Tablet advantages

A 
Accurate dosage/minimum variability
Concentration variability 
Elegance
Low Cost
Easiest/cheapest to package and ship
Product identification is simple
Ease of administration
Special release profiles possible
Suited for large-scale production
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22
Q

Tablet disadvantages

A

Absorption by the patient can vary
Pediatric and geriatric patients cant swallow
Bitter tasting drugs need coating
GI irritation
Hydroscopic drugs are not suitable for tablets
Low density and amorphous are difficult to compress

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23
Q

Tablets ingested orally

A 
Compressed tab (Actaminophen)
Multiple compressed tab (tab inside tab)
Repeat action
Delayed release (enteric coated bisacodyl tab)
Sugar coated (multivit)
Film coated (metronidazole)
Chewable tab (antacid)
24
Q

Tablets used in Oral Cavity

A 
Buccal (Vitamin-C tab)
Sublingual tab (Vicks Menthol tabs)
25
Vaginal tablets
aka "inserts" Made by compression, comes with insertion device
26
Tablets used to prepare solution
Effervescent tablet (Aspirin)
27
Common tablet excipients
``` Diluents Binders or adhesives Disintegrants Glidants Lubricants Antiadhesives ```
28
Diluents
Increase bulk and enhance compression
29
Binders or Adhesives
Promote adhesion of the particles in the formulation
30
Disintegrants
Promote breakup of tablets in GI
31
Glidants
Improve flow properties
32
Lubricants
Reduce friction during tablet compression
33
Antiadhesives
Prevent tablets from sticking to equipment
34
Multiple compressed Tablets
Tablet w/in Tablet: If two component not compatible Layered Tablet: One side can do burst, other sustain Prepared by subjecting fill material to more than 1 compression
35
Sugar - Coated Tablets
compressed tablets coated with sugar coating Long process of laying, multiple coats Barrier to taste/odor and protects drug from air/water
36
Film - Coated Tablets
Compressed tablets with polymer coating layered onto the tablet as a thin film durable, less bulky and time consuming compared to sugar coated
37
Gelatin - Coated Tablets
Helps facilitate swallowing and more tamper evident GELPCAP: Capsule-shaped, compressed tablet that is coated with a thin layer of gelatin
38
Enteric - Coated Tablets
Delayed release Coating generally dissolves in a higher pH range Protects drug at acidic pH range
39
Buccal and Sublingual Tablets
Bypass liver, directly into systemic circulation very fast Protects from gastric juices, alternative for drugs poorly absorbed GI tract Designed to be dissolved in cheek (Buccal pouch) or under tongue (sublingual)
40
Lozenges and troches
Solid dosage form with medical agent in hard candy or sugar base intended to be dissolved oral cavity for local effects Fentanyl lollipops made for cancer pain by compounding pharmacy
41
Chewable Tablets
For children, adults who have trouble swallowing Flavoring important (Mannitol + other sweeteners) Must be chewed for rapid disintegration, not swallowed.
42
Effervescent Tablets
Compressed tabs with effervescent salt that release carbonation when put in water
43
Molded tablets
can be made by molding without compression, extemporaneously made. Soft and dissolve rapidly
44
Rapidly disintegrating or Dissolving Tablets
Lyophilized Foam: mixture poured into mold and freeze dried, mold becomes package. Zofran ODT Compression: Mildly compressed tablets containing super-disintegrants
45
Extended - Release tablets
Mechanism used in tabs or capsules to... affect rate of drug release slow transit time of drug through GI tract Reduces dose frequency, and less change in blood levels
46
Imprinting of tablets/capsules
Required by FDA for drugs intended for human use, Rx and OTC Product specific ID codes Exempt drugs - investigational, compounded, radiopharmaceuticals, and ones you can imprint
47
Desirable Characteristics of Compressed Tablets
``` Hardness = 5-6kg Thickness = 2.0 mm Weight = 200 mg +/- 5% Content uniformity = 95 - 102% Disintegration = < 5min ```
48
Film coating
thin coat of plastic like material over tab, resistant to abrasion and imprint/shape/size retained Aqueous coating preferred
49
Enteric Coatings
Designed to dissolve at pH of 4.8 or higher Has a bunch of layers, like an onion
50
Packaging and storage
Tight containers, in places of low humidity and no extreme temps Desiccant used if med prone to decomp by moisture Light resistant for light sensitive
51
Extended Release Tech
Multitablet system has small spheres coated for various release times Ion-exchange resin released drug based on pH and electrolyte conc in GI tract
52
Osmotic Pump
Tablet surrounded with a semipermeable membrane with a 0.4 mm diameter hole made with laser Once swallowed, water enters the tablet and forces the solution out using osmotic pressure
53
Lake pigemnts
Synthetic insoluble colorants insoluble material in aqueous solutions that colors by dispersion Made by precipitating and adsorbing water-soluble dye onto a substrate, usually calcium and aluminum salts
54
Lake colors
Used in cosmetic and food industry They are oil soluble Used in edible products
55
Tablet Compendia Requirements
``` Thickness - done by die and pressure Hardness Friability - tendency to crumble Content uniformity and weight variation disintegration - 2 - 30 min Dissolution ```

Pharmaceutics I (11 decks)

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