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Pharmaceutics I > Exam 2 - Powerpoint 1 (Powders) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Powerpoint 1 (Powders) Flashcards

1
Q

Powder

A

A dry substance composed of ground, pulverized, or finely dispersed solid particles

Mixtures of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals used externally or internally in dry form

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2
Q

Powder Advantages

A
  1. Easy to administer
  2. Easy to adjust doses when doing clinical studies
  3. For infants or people who cant swallow, can be mixed in formula or food
  4. Powdered drugs can be blended withe excipients to create dosage forms
  5. Powdered dosage provides rapid onset, requires dissolution before absorption
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3
Q

Powder Disadvantages

A
  1. Bitter or unpleasant taste
  2. Patient inaccuracy with bulk powders
  3. Time and expense required in prep of uniform powders
  4. Difficult protecting from decompisiton that contain…Hygroscopic, Deliquescent, Efflorescent materials
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4
Q

Hygroscopic substance

A

substance that absorb moisture from air but do not dissolve

ex. Halide salts, alkaloids

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5
Q

Deliquescent substance

A

substance that absorb moisture from air to the point that they liquefy by partially or wholly forming a solution called deliquescent

ex. sugar, salt, ethanol, sodium hydroxide

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6
Q

Efflorescent powder

A

A crystalline powder that contains water of hydration or crystallization

Upon manipulation, water is released making the powder sticky and pasty, or liquid

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7
Q

Compressibility

A

Measures materials ability to reduce its volume under a specified set of conditions

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8
Q

Compactibility

A

Evaluate the ability of a powder to be compressed into a tablet

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9
Q

Flowability

A

Assess the ability of a powder to flow without sticking with the surface

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10
Q

Wettability

A

Property that assess the tendency of a drug to get wet with it comes in contact with a solvent

May influence the drug granulation process, penetration of dissolution fluids into tablets and granules, solubility and dispersibility

can be increased by adding wetting agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

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11
Q

Particle Characteristics

A

Particle size - similar size blends better
Particle shape - spherical, needle and cube shapes
Particle density - weight of particles
Electrostatic charge - affects blending
Adhering/repelling properties
Camphor is slightly gummy and needs to be pulverized prior to mixing

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12
Q

Particle Size

A

Uniformity aids in mixing otherwise finer migrate to bottom, larger migrate to top

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13
Q

Particle Size can influence

A 
Dissolution rate
Suspendability
Uniformity of mixtures in liquid
Penetrability
Degree of grittiness
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14
Q

Particle size determination: Microscopy

A

Optical Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy

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15
Q

Optical Microscopy

A

used to see particles >1mm suspended in solids or viscous liquids

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16
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

May be used on smaller particles in solids, on dried films

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17
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

used for nanoparticles suspended in solids or suspension

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18
Q

Particle Size determination

A 
Microscopy
Sieving
Sedimentation rate
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Laser Holography
Cascade Impaction
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19
Q

Cascade impaction

A

Particles travel in an airstream until it encounters a surface in its path

The velocity of the airstream separates the particles based on size (sieve in place)

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20
Q

Micromeritics

A

The science of small particles

  1. Solubility
  2. Angle of repose
  3. True Density
  4. Apparent density
  5. Porosity
  6. Void
  7. True Volume
  8. Bulk Volume
  9. Bulkiness
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21
Q

Angle of Repose

A

Low angle of repose flows freely, high angles of repose flows poorly

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22
Q

True Volume

A

Space occupied by the powder

Micro- no macroscopic

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23
Q

Bulk Volume

A

Macroscopic

Measure of volume we’re familiar with

24
Q

Void

A

Ratio of the space to volume
Void is experimentally determined

Void = (VBulk - V)/ (VBulk)

25
Q

Porosity

A

the percentage of void space

Void X 100%

26
Q

True Density

A

Density of the particles

Mass/Volume

27
Q

Apparent Density

A

Density of the powder, also called “Bulk Density”

Mass/VBulk

28
Q

Bulkiness

A

B = 1/Pa

The size of the container selected depends on the bulkiness of the material

29
Q

“Light” powder

A

Has large gaps, low apparent density and large bulk volume

30
Q

“Heavy” Powder

A

Has small gaps, high apparent density, and small bulk volume

31
Q

Comminution of Drugs

A

Process of reducing the particle size of a solid substance into a finer state

32
Q

Manual Methods of Comminution

A

Trituration
Levigation
Levigating Agent

33
Q

Trituration

A

Process of rubbing, crushing, or pounding materials

Also describes the grinding of 2 or more substances

34
Q

Levigation

A

Process of reducing particle size and grittiness by grinding with an insoluble liquid

35
Q

Levigating Agent

A

A small amount of liquid added to the powder to form a paste (must be insoluble)

36
Q

Blending Powder Techniques

A

Spatulation - good for small qualities
Trituration
Sifting - makes fluffy powders
Tumbling - most widely used in industry

37
Q

Eutectic Mixture

A

Mixture of elements which has lower melting temp than any of its constituents

38
Q

How to avoid Eutectics

A

Dispense powders separately

Add an absorbent powder

Keep ingredients separate as much as possible
or
Make the eutectic, then add absorbent to incorporate the liquid

39
Q

Geometric Dilution

A

useful when blending small quantity of potent drug with large quantity of diluent

Process by adding proportional amounts of original amount, increasing each time.

40
Q

Medicated Powders

A

Powder Aerosols
Insufflations
Dentifrices

41
Q

Powder Aerosols

A

Antiperspirants, deodorants, feminine hygiene sprays, body sprays, insufflations, dry lubricants

42
Q

Insufflations

A

Intended for application to the body cavities

43
Q

Dentifrices

A

Powders used to clean the teeth

44
Q

Bulk Powders

A

Intended to be administered in dosage quantities that are safe for patient to measure

should pass through 100 Mesh Sieve

Dispensed in wide-mouth containers

45
Q

Oral Liquid Antibiotics

A

Usually add less than total reconstituted amount, and in 2/3 of total required.

Usually good for 10 days or 14 days

46
Q

Flavor Selection

A

important for all age groups, especially pediatrics and geriatrics

Immediate flavor identity
Rapid full flavor development
Acceptable mouthfeel
Short aftertase
No undesirable sensations
47
Q

Organoleptic Properties

A

parameters that can be perceived by sense organ:
Color, Odor, Taste

1st step in pre-formulation is to determine organoleptic properties

Dyes added to reduce problems of unsightly or variable color

If bad taste or order, flavors and excipients should be added

48
Q

How do we taste test?

A

Electronic tongue

Used to determine tase of drug substance

49
Q

Sweetening Agents

A

Aspartame, Dextrose, Mannitol, Saccharin, Sorbitol, sucrose

50
Q

Dusting powders

A

Topical Bulk Powders

Should flow easily, spread uniformly, and cling to skin

Generally dispensed in sifter-top containers

Must be homogenous, free from potential of causing local irritation

51
Q

Divided Powders

A

Single doses of the powdered drug mixture individually enclosed packets

Have to be sufficiently potent to require remeasured doses

52
Q

High Potency drug (Divided powders)

A

Measure components individually

53
Q

Moderate Potency drug (Divided powders)

A

Block and divide method

54
Q

Granules

A

Good for unstable drugs

Not intended for use with potent drugs because of inherent error when patient measures the dose with a teaspoon, scoop, etc

Ex. Antibiotics for reconstitution

55
Q

Granule Preparation

A

Wet Method:
moisten blended powders and by passing mass through a screen or granulator, granules then air or oven dried, flavors can be sprayed on granules and then dried

Dry Method:
Roll compaction turns powder into sheets, mechanical granulator gives uniform granule size

56
Q

Effervescent Granules

A

Contains mixtures of Citric, tartaric acid or sodium diphosphate with a bicarbonate and a medical agent

Instruct patient to dissolve the effervescent granules in water prior to ingesting them

Ex. Alka Seltzer

57
Q

BUD

A

6 months if active ingredient not from manufactured product

25% remaining or 6 months (whichever shorter) if active ingredient from manufactured product

Pharmaceutics I (11 decks)

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