Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmaceutics I > Exam 2 - Powerpoint 1 (Powders) > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Powerpoint 1 (Powders) Flashcards

1
Q

Powder

A

A dry substance composed of ground, pulverized, or finely dispersed solid particles

Mixtures of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals used externally or internally in dry form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Powder Advantages

A
  1. Easy to administer
  2. Easy to adjust doses when doing clinical studies
  3. For infants or people who cant swallow, can be mixed in formula or food
  4. Powdered drugs can be blended withe excipients to create dosage forms
  5. Powdered dosage provides rapid onset, requires dissolution before absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Powder Disadvantages

A
  1. Bitter or unpleasant taste
  2. Patient inaccuracy with bulk powders
  3. Time and expense required in prep of uniform powders
  4. Difficult protecting from decompisiton that contain…Hygroscopic, Deliquescent, Efflorescent materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hygroscopic substance

A

substance that absorb moisture from air but do not dissolve

ex. Halide salts, alkaloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Deliquescent substance

A

substance that absorb moisture from air to the point that they liquefy by partially or wholly forming a solution called deliquescent

ex. sugar, salt, ethanol, sodium hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Efflorescent powder

A

A crystalline powder that contains water of hydration or crystallization

Upon manipulation, water is released making the powder sticky and pasty, or liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Compressibility

A

Measures materials ability to reduce its volume under a specified set of conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compactibility

A

Evaluate the ability of a powder to be compressed into a tablet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Flowability

A

Assess the ability of a powder to flow without sticking with the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wettability

A

Property that assess the tendency of a drug to get wet with it comes in contact with a solvent

May influence the drug granulation process, penetration of dissolution fluids into tablets and granules, solubility and dispersibility

can be increased by adding wetting agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Particle Characteristics

A

Particle size - similar size blends better
Particle shape - spherical, needle and cube shapes
Particle density - weight of particles
Electrostatic charge - affects blending
Adhering/repelling properties
Camphor is slightly gummy and needs to be pulverized prior to mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Particle Size

A

Uniformity aids in mixing otherwise finer migrate to bottom, larger migrate to top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Particle Size can influence

A 
Dissolution rate
Suspendability
Uniformity of mixtures in liquid
Penetrability
Degree of grittiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Particle size determination: Microscopy

A

Optical Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Optical Microscopy

A

used to see particles >1mm suspended in solids or viscous liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

May be used on smaller particles in solids, on dried films

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

used for nanoparticles suspended in solids or suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Particle Size determination

A 
Microscopy
Sieving
Sedimentation rate
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Laser Holography
Cascade Impaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cascade impaction

A

Particles travel in an airstream until it encounters a surface in its path

The velocity of the airstream separates the particles based on size (sieve in place)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Micromeritics

A

The science of small particles

  1. Solubility
  2. Angle of repose
  3. True Density
  4. Apparent density
  5. Porosity
  6. Void
  7. True Volume
  8. Bulk Volume
  9. Bulkiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Angle of Repose

A

Low angle of repose flows freely, high angles of repose flows poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True Volume

A

Space occupied by the powder

Micro- no macroscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bulk Volume

A

Macroscopic

Measure of volume we’re familiar with

24
Q

Void

A

Ratio of the space to volume
Void is experimentally determined

Void = (VBulk - V)/ (VBulk)

25
Porosity
the percentage of void space Void X 100%
26
True Density
Density of the particles Mass/Volume
27
Apparent Density
Density of the powder, also called "Bulk Density" Mass/VBulk
28
Bulkiness
B = 1/Pa The size of the container selected depends on the bulkiness of the material
29
"Light" powder
Has large gaps, low apparent density and large bulk volume
30
"Heavy" Powder
Has small gaps, high apparent density, and small bulk volume
31
Comminution of Drugs
Process of reducing the particle size of a solid substance into a finer state
32
Manual Methods of Comminution
Trituration Levigation Levigating Agent
33
Trituration
Process of rubbing, crushing, or pounding materials Also describes the grinding of 2 or more substances
34
Levigation
Process of reducing particle size and grittiness by grinding with an insoluble liquid
35
Levigating Agent
A small amount of liquid added to the powder to form a paste (must be insoluble)
36
Blending Powder Techniques
Spatulation - good for small qualities Trituration Sifting - makes fluffy powders Tumbling - most widely used in industry
37
Eutectic Mixture
Mixture of elements which has lower melting temp than any of its constituents
38
How to avoid Eutectics
Dispense powders separately Add an absorbent powder Keep ingredients separate as much as possible or Make the eutectic, then add absorbent to incorporate the liquid
39
Geometric Dilution
useful when blending small quantity of potent drug with large quantity of diluent Process by adding proportional amounts of original amount, increasing each time.
40
Medicated Powders
Powder Aerosols Insufflations Dentifrices
41
Powder Aerosols
Antiperspirants, deodorants, feminine hygiene sprays, body sprays, insufflations, dry lubricants
42
Insufflations
Intended for application to the body cavities
43
Dentifrices
Powders used to clean the teeth
44
Bulk Powders
Intended to be administered in dosage quantities that are safe for patient to measure should pass through 100 Mesh Sieve Dispensed in wide-mouth containers
45
Oral Liquid Antibiotics
Usually add less than total reconstituted amount, and in 2/3 of total required. Usually good for 10 days or 14 days
46
Flavor Selection
important for all age groups, especially pediatrics and geriatrics ``` Immediate flavor identity Rapid full flavor development Acceptable mouthfeel Short aftertase No undesirable sensations ```
47
Organoleptic Properties
parameters that can be perceived by sense organ: Color, Odor, Taste 1st step in pre-formulation is to determine organoleptic properties Dyes added to reduce problems of unsightly or variable color If bad taste or order, flavors and excipients should be added
48
How do we taste test?
Electronic tongue Used to determine tase of drug substance
49
Sweetening Agents
Aspartame, Dextrose, Mannitol, Saccharin, Sorbitol, sucrose
50
Dusting powders
Topical Bulk Powders Should flow easily, spread uniformly, and cling to skin Generally dispensed in sifter-top containers Must be homogenous, free from potential of causing local irritation
51
Divided Powders
Single doses of the powdered drug mixture individually enclosed packets Have to be sufficiently potent to require remeasured doses
52
High Potency drug (Divided powders)
Measure components individually
53
Moderate Potency drug (Divided powders)
Block and divide method
54
Granules
Good for unstable drugs Not intended for use with potent drugs because of inherent error when patient measures the dose with a teaspoon, scoop, etc Ex. Antibiotics for reconstitution
55
Granule Preparation
Wet Method: moisten blended powders and by passing mass through a screen or granulator, granules then air or oven dried, flavors can be sprayed on granules and then dried Dry Method: Roll compaction turns powder into sheets, mechanical granulator gives uniform granule size
56
Effervescent Granules
Contains mixtures of Citric, tartaric acid or sodium diphosphate with a bicarbonate and a medical agent Instruct patient to dissolve the effervescent granules in water prior to ingesting them Ex. Alka Seltzer
57
BUD
6 months if active ingredient not from manufactured product 25% remaining or 6 months (whichever shorter) if active ingredient from manufactured product

Pharmaceutics I (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions