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AESC 2050 > EXAM 2 - Politics of Ag & Food > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - Politics of Ag & Food Flashcards

1
Q

definition: the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power

A

politics

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2
Q

definition: involve the governmental control and debate over the production, regulation, inspection, distribution & consumption of food

A

food politics

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3
Q

What 4 major disputes concerning farming, agricultural, and retailing methods & regulations are food politics affected by?

A

(1) ethical
(2) cultural
(3) medical
(4) environmental

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4
Q

Food politics influences and is influenced by what 3 things?

A

(1) costs: of food production and prices that consumers pay for food
(2) availability: of different food products
(3) safety: of food supply

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5
Q

What type of crops are most often at the heart of food politics?

A

non-perishable storable commodity crops (corn, rice, & wheat)

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6
Q

“______ actions” are considered a supplement to regulation and litigation under the environmental laws.

A

nuisance

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7
Q

What does politics in farming revolve around?

A

concept of urban sprawl

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8
Q

definition: rural areas encroached on by urban areas and subdivisions

A

urban sprawl

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9
Q

What actions are used to determine if the use of property is “unreasonable” under given circumstances?

A

nuisance

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10
Q

What are two main questions nuisance actions address? & If the answer to any of these questions is yes, then what happens?

A

-is the particular use “NEW”
-is the particular use “ABNORMAL” for the area
-has his neighbor (the defendant) expanded the operation and/or property and is it encroaching on the complainant’s property
Legal action can be taken to stop or “abate” a public nuisance

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11
Q

How is a private nuisance stopped or “abated”?

A

by legal action brought by a private property owner against an adjacent property owner

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12
Q

What is the side of farmers in the “farmers vs neighbors” conflict?

A

-legal “right to farm”
-interest in preserving their livelihood

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13
Q

What is the side of neighbors in the “farmers vs neighbors” conflict?

A

-legal rights to clean art and water
-interest in preserving “quality of life”

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14
Q

______ laws are ones that seek to protect qualifying farmers and ranchers from nuisance lawsuits filed by individuals who move into a rural area where normal farming operations exist, and who later use nuisance actions to attempt to stop those ongoing operations

A

right to farm

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15
Q

Which US states are right to farm laws enacted in? Does each state have the same content in specific details of the laws?

A

ALL 50! No!

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16
Q

What was the intention of right to farm laws?

A

to limit nuisance actions

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17
Q

In general right to farm laws:
-prohibit ____ governments from passing stricter laws on agriculture than the laws of the state
-restrict nuisance suits if the plaintiff moved to the area of an ______ _____ agricultural operation
-restrict nuisance suits if the farm operation engages in ______ ____ agricultural practices that do not violate any laws & if the farm operation is located in an ______ zone

A

local; already established; generally accepted; agricultural

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18
Q

If plaintiff loses the case in right to farm laws, then who do they have to pay?

A

attorney fees of the defendant–> limits the number of cases brought about

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19
Q

US food politics focuses on what 5 things?

A

(1) modern techniques of rearing animals
(2) genetically modified foods
(3) “big” food companies
(4) pesticide use on crops
(5) food movements

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20
Q

With regards to modern techniques of rearing animals, what is the main focus in politics in US?

A

concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) - AFOs with more than 1000 animal units

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21
Q

definition: any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

A

GMOs

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22
Q

What are “big” food companies in the US (top 5)?

A

(1) PepsiCo, Inc
(2) Tyson foods
(3) Nestle
(4) JBS USA
(5) Anheuser-Busch

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23
Q

What is the problem of not having GMOs?

A

crop yields are reduced = food prices go up = GG emissions go up

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24
Q

The 10 largest food companies produce more than ___% all US food sales.

A

50

25
Q

What food company owns just about everything, even non-food products?

A

Nestle

26
Q

What was on of the key factors to crop yield increases during the Green revolution?

A

pesticide use on crops

27
Q

What led to efforts to control pesticide residues in the US food supply?

A

concern over possible negative human health effects

28
Q

What agency has jurisdiction over the use of pesticides in crop management and sets tolerances for trace amounts of pesticides that may be found in the food supply?

A

US environmental protection agency

29
Q

What are the food movements-modern cultural reactions against what many see as an increasingly mechanized food industry?

A

-eating LOCAL
-eating CLEAN
-SLOW FOOD (not fast food)
-meatless days

30
Q

_______ food politics focus on:
-protectionist trade policies
-international trade agreements
-famines & aid
-political instability

A

international

31
Q

What is the greatest new focus of food politics?

A

debates over climate change concerns and predictions and the future affects on an adequate worldwide food supply

32
Q

What 3 countries does the NAFTA trade include?

A

US, Mexico, and Canada

33
Q

When did the NAFTA agreement go into effect?

A

1994

34
Q

NAFTA eliminated ______ associated with imported and exported goods between the 3 countries.

A

tariffs

35
Q

How did NAFTA form the world’s largest “free trade” area?

A

by eliminating tariffs on good between the 3 countries

36
Q

definition: a tax or duty added to the price of imported goods, designed to encourage domestic consumption of goods

A

tariff

37
Q

What are the pros of eliminating tariffs? Cons?

A

pros:
-incentvises trade
-lowers prices
cons:
-doesn’t help with domestic production
-domestic manufacturing drops
-doesn’t help US GDP

38
Q

What are tariffs intended to protect?

A

domestic manufacturing

39
Q

Who does the BULK of trade take place between?

A

-US and Mexico
-US and Canada

40
Q

Under NAFTA, how much did trade grow?

A

233%

41
Q

Pros of NAFTA?
-expanded ____ of foods for US consumers with stabilized ___-round supplies (ex: fresh fruits and vegetables)
-____ market for US goods not available in trading partner countries

A

variety; year; large

42
Q

Cons of NAFTA?
-_____ of business (jobs) associated with products that can be supplied more inexpensively by free trade partners
-increased US trade ______- the amount by which the cost of a country’s imports exceed the values of its exports

A

loss; deficit (import more than export)

43
Q

What agreement replaced NAFTA in July 2020?

A

United States-Mexico Canada agreement (USMCA)

44
Q

What was different about USMCA compared to NAFTA?

A

-focus on science-based policies and biotech
-US has increased access to Canadian dairy, poultry and egg markets
-Canada has increased access to US dairy, sugar, and cotton markets

45
Q

_____ a 2016 trade agreement between nations that border the Pacific (US, Mexico, Canada, Chile, Peru, Australia)

A

trans-pacific partnership

46
Q

How many signers of the TPP?

A

12

47
Q

How much % of the world’s economy did the TPP cover?

A

40

48
Q

How much was TPP projected to add to US GDP by 2030?

A

$130 billion

49
Q

What was the amount of agricultural exports to TPP countries in 2013?

A

$63 billion (42% of all US agricultural exports)

50
Q

Was the TPP ratified by congress and was the US involved?

A

never ratified; and US withdrew

51
Q

Without the US, what was the agreement called?

A

Comprehensive Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

52
Q

What did the CPTPP do?

A

-removed 99% of tariffs for member countries
-makes US exports more expensive in comparison & uncompetitive because they have to pay the tariffs
-allowed other countries to fill trade vacuum

53
Q

definition: the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country or a group of countries

A

embargo

54
Q

Embargos are generally considered legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with ____, which are often considered acts of war.

A

blockades

55
Q

How are embargoes most often used?

A

-as a POLITICAL tool to pressure foreign countries into some action
-as a POLITICAL retaliation act in reaction to previous POLITICAL action

56
Q

Why were sanctions imposed on Russia (food embargoes) by several countries in early 2014?

A

acts of aggression by Russia in the Ukraine

57
Q

What did Russia do in retaliation to the food embargoes placed on them?

A

issued food embargoes back to the countries that did it to them

58
Q

How many million $$$ of chicken was shut down from Russian food embargoes?

A

310 million

AESC 2050 (7 decks)

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