EXAM 2 - Antibiotics Hormones Flashcards
In what year was the Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich?
1968
What foretold billions of deaths from starvation and the collapse of civilization?
the population bomb
What is the population growth equation?
birth rate +/- death rate
The population bomb led to a substantial ____ in the world death rate.
increase
Why does the population top out at 9 billion and then start to decline?
due to culture; with increased affluence and wealth birth rate drops
What was the development and spread of technology, plant varieties and agricultural practices between 1940-1960s?
Green Revolution
Who is attributed for beginning of the Green Revolution?
Norman Bourlag
Who was an American scientists that developed Mexico-disease resistant high yield wheat & was awarded the Nobel Peach Prize?
Norman Bourlag
Why did Norman Bourlag get the Nobel Peace Prize?
he saved over a billion lives from starvation (Central America, India & Pakistan) & for PREVENTING WAR
Green revolution focus on high ____, high ___ varieties that respond to what? (reduction in varieties
yield; nutrient; fertilizers
Did the GR increase/decrease use of irrigation to change where plants could be grown?
increase
During the GR, world population continued to grow without an _____ in the death rate.
increase
What did the success of scientific advances put increased emphasis and resources ($$$) into during the GR?
combining agriculture with cutting edge science to feed the world (cooperative extension in the US)
definition: a medicine (penicillin) that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria
antibiotics
Do antibiotics destroy viruses?
no
Are bacteria bad?
no, they can be neutral, beneficial, or pathogenic; need bacteria in our gut to live
Are bacteria in places that are clean?
YES; bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment; they are in dirty, clean, and disinfected environments
Where are bacteria not found?
sterile environments
Why do canned goods not rot or spoil?
pressure cooked (everything killed in can), sealed from outside world; have no spoilage bacteria
Are antibiotics long-lasting?
-no they metabolize & become ineffective pretty quickly
Can antibiotics given to animals migrate to animal’s muscles to be in the meat humans eat?
no
Most antibiotics have a half life of about ____ hours so they are gone or close to it in 4-5 days. A few antibiotics have very long half lives, but these are only prescribed in special cases (hospitalized patients).
24
How are antibiotics used therapeutically in livestock production?
-higher doses, shorter periods
-used to treat specific diseases
How are antibiotics used subtherapeuticably in livestock production?
-lower doses, longer periods
-used to prevent infections, limit subclinical infections, improve growth rates
-increases growth rate because everyone in flock feels better
What type of antibiotic use has been banned in agriculture?
subtherapeutically
Sub therapeutic does:
-______ growth rate and feed efficiency (lower food prices)
-prevent or reduce incidence of _____
-antibiotics in the meat? (not true)
-antibiotic _____ bacteria
increases; diseases; resistant
Was antibiotic resistance presence before use of ABs?
yes, resistance genes are already present without ABs; deeply embedded in bacterial genome; its a natural defense mechanism
Antibiotics _____ for resistant bacteria.
selected
What do antibiotics do to viruses?
NOTHING
What is the most unnecessary prescription of antibiotics by human physicians in the US?
common cold
definition: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported In tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action OR a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant hormone
hormone
What is the poultry myth regarding hormones?
Chicken sold with a “No hormones Added” label is safer for consumption than chicken lacking that label. NOT TRUE; no hormones are used in production of ANY poultry or pork in the US
What livestock do use hormones in production?
used in beef and dairy industry
What hormones do dairy cattle use to increase milk production?
rBST
What is rBST?
protein hormone produced by the cow naturally to stimulate milk production
Was rBST approved by the FDA?
yes; to increase milk production
Other things to know about rBST?
-produced in bacteria and injected into cows
-has NO biological activity in humans
-walmart will only sell milk from non-BST treated cows
Selective _____ kill specific target “pest” plants while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed.
herbicides
_____ are substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating insects deemed as “pests”
insecticides
Are organic things pesticide and herbicide free?
no
What are the primary nutrients used in fertilizers occasionally?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
What are secondary nutrients?
Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur
What are micronutrients?
copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, boron, silicon, cobalt, vanadium
What happens with excess N or P?
eutrophication
What did we use before synthetic fertilizer?
-moved onto new land
-animal waste
-human waste (super organic)
definition: any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
GMOs
What is the benefit to using GMOs?
reduces amount of fertilizer and pesticides put on crops
Is GMO the same thing as selective breeding?
no; GMO makes changes in the DNA
