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AESC 2050 > EXAM 2 - Antibiotics Hormones > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - Antibiotics Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

In what year was the Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich?

A

1968

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2
Q

What foretold billions of deaths from starvation and the collapse of civilization?

A

the population bomb

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3
Q

What is the population growth equation?

A

birth rate +/- death rate

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4
Q

The population bomb led to a substantial ____ in the world death rate.

A

increase

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5
Q

Why does the population top out at 9 billion and then start to decline?

A

due to culture; with increased affluence and wealth birth rate drops

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6
Q

What was the development and spread of technology, plant varieties and agricultural practices between 1940-1960s?

A

Green Revolution

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7
Q

Who is attributed for beginning of the Green Revolution?

A

Norman Bourlag

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8
Q

Who was an American scientists that developed Mexico-disease resistant high yield wheat & was awarded the Nobel Peach Prize?

A

Norman Bourlag

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9
Q

Why did Norman Bourlag get the Nobel Peace Prize?

A

he saved over a billion lives from starvation (Central America, India & Pakistan) & for PREVENTING WAR

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10
Q

Green revolution focus on high ____, high ___ varieties that respond to what? (reduction in varieties

A

yield; nutrient; fertilizers

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11
Q

Did the GR increase/decrease use of irrigation to change where plants could be grown?

A

increase

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12
Q

During the GR, world population continued to grow without an _____ in the death rate.

A

increase

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13
Q

What did the success of scientific advances put increased emphasis and resources ($$$) into during the GR?

A

combining agriculture with cutting edge science to feed the world (cooperative extension in the US)

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14
Q

definition: a medicine (penicillin) that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria

A

antibiotics

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15
Q

Do antibiotics destroy viruses?

A

no

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16
Q

Are bacteria bad?

A

no, they can be neutral, beneficial, or pathogenic; need bacteria in our gut to live

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17
Q

Are bacteria in places that are clean?

A

YES; bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment; they are in dirty, clean, and disinfected environments

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18
Q

Where are bacteria not found?

A

sterile environments

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19
Q

Why do canned goods not rot or spoil?

A

pressure cooked (everything killed in can), sealed from outside world; have no spoilage bacteria

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20
Q

Are antibiotics long-lasting?

A

-no they metabolize & become ineffective pretty quickly

21
Q

Can antibiotics given to animals migrate to animal’s muscles to be in the meat humans eat?

A

no

22
Q

Most antibiotics have a half life of about ____ hours so they are gone or close to it in 4-5 days. A few antibiotics have very long half lives, but these are only prescribed in special cases (hospitalized patients).

A

24

23
Q

How are antibiotics used therapeutically in livestock production?

A

-higher doses, shorter periods
-used to treat specific diseases

24
Q

How are antibiotics used subtherapeuticably in livestock production?

A

-lower doses, longer periods
-used to prevent infections, limit subclinical infections, improve growth rates
-increases growth rate because everyone in flock feels better

25
Q

What type of antibiotic use has been banned in agriculture?

A

subtherapeutically

26
Q

Sub therapeutic does:
-______ growth rate and feed efficiency (lower food prices)
-prevent or reduce incidence of _____
-antibiotics in the meat? (not true)
-antibiotic _____ bacteria

A

increases; diseases; resistant

27
Q

Was antibiotic resistance presence before use of ABs?

A

yes, resistance genes are already present without ABs; deeply embedded in bacterial genome; its a natural defense mechanism

28
Q

Antibiotics _____ for resistant bacteria.

A

selected

29
Q

What do antibiotics do to viruses?

A

NOTHING

30
Q

What is the most unnecessary prescription of antibiotics by human physicians in the US?

A

common cold

31
Q

definition: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported In tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action OR a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant hormone

A

hormone

32
Q

What is the poultry myth regarding hormones?

A

Chicken sold with a “No hormones Added” label is safer for consumption than chicken lacking that label. NOT TRUE; no hormones are used in production of ANY poultry or pork in the US

33
Q

What livestock do use hormones in production?

A

used in beef and dairy industry

34
Q

What hormones do dairy cattle use to increase milk production?

A

rBST

35
Q

What is rBST?

A

protein hormone produced by the cow naturally to stimulate milk production

36
Q

Was rBST approved by the FDA?

A

yes; to increase milk production

37
Q

Other things to know about rBST?

A

-produced in bacteria and injected into cows
-has NO biological activity in humans
-walmart will only sell milk from non-BST treated cows

38
Q

Selective _____ kill specific target “pest” plants while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed.

A

herbicides

39
Q

_____ are substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating insects deemed as “pests”

A

insecticides

40
Q

Are organic things pesticide and herbicide free?

A

no

41
Q

What are the primary nutrients used in fertilizers occasionally?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

42
Q

What are secondary nutrients?

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur

43
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, boron, silicon, cobalt, vanadium

44
Q

What happens with excess N or P?

A

eutrophication

45
Q

What did we use before synthetic fertilizer?

A

-moved onto new land
-animal waste
-human waste (super organic)

46
Q

definition: any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

A

GMOs

47
Q

What is the benefit to using GMOs?

A

reduces amount of fertilizer and pesticides put on crops

48
Q

Is GMO the same thing as selective breeding?

A

no; GMO makes changes in the DNA

AESC 2050 (7 decks)

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