Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Physiology > Exam 2 Notes Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophic

A

plants that make all organic materials from inorganic materials in the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the relationship between pH and ion absorption?

A

-plants can displace ions in the soil to make it more acidic/alkaline
-different ions are available for absorption at different pH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the relationship between mineral/silicate phases and ion absorption?

A

silicon phases hold minerals tighter than mineral phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mineral

A

inorganic element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Essential nutrient

A

a substance needed to survive and complete the lifecycle that is necessary for the synthesis of organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beneficial nutrient

A

has value to the lifecycle but isn’t required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Deficiency zone

A

not enough nutrient available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Critical concentration

A

able to reach 90-95% of max growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adequate zone

A

the plateau at which more nutrient does not provide an advantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Luxury zone

A

the 2nd half of the adequate zone where the soil can lose 1/2 its mineral concentration and still be at critical concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Toxic zone

A

abundant nutrient content becomes harmful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Micronutrients

A

chlorine, iron, manganese, sodium, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hoagland nutrient solution

A

solution of minerals and nutrients for plant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macronutrients

A

nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 ways minerals are classified and sorted?

A

-amount required
-biochemical function
-mobile vs immobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the group 1 nutrients and how are they classified?

A

-nitrogen and sulfur
-elements that form bonds with carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the group 2 nutrients and how are they classified?

A

-phosphorus, silicon, boron
-energy storage/structural integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the group 3 nutrients and how are they classified?

A

-potassium, calcium, manganese, chlorine, magnesium, sodium
-remain as dissolved ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the group 4 nutrients and how are they classified?

A

-iron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which elements are mobile?

A

nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, zinc, molybdenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which elements are immobile?

A

calcium, sulfur, iron, boron, copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does it mean when a nutrient is mobile/immobile?

A

mobility is the ability of a nutrient to move within the phloem once settled inside the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 3 ways plants can acquire nutrients?

A

-root uptake
-leaf uptake
-mycorrhizal fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When is leaf uptake effective?

A

-leaf uptake is only effective for phloem-mobile nutrients
-may be more effective than root transport for copper, iron, and manganese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Foliar application

A

a spray application of nutrients through the leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the relationship between fungi and nutrient uptake in plants

A

The fungi sends its mycorrhiza into the plant cortex by breaking down portions of the cell wall (the plant helps with this). The fungi can sense nutrient availability across long distances and move it towards the host plant. In return, the plant provides sugars from photosynthesis to the fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What benefits can be gained from manipulation of mineral transport in plants (GMO)?

A

-increase growth and yield
-increase plant nutritional quality and density
-increase removal of soil contaminants (phytoremediation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the structure of roots grown in dry vs wet soils?

A

-wet growth roots tends to be more spread out and long
-dry growth roots tend to be more compact and short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does mucigel do?

A

it is secreted by the roots and carries signals into the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why are root tips so important in nutrient uptake?

A

-primary site of uptake
-active site of growth
-nutrients carried via bulk flow into the soft/undeveloped cell walls
-maintains a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Integral proteins

A

pass completely through the membrane and serve as a conduit for transport through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

associated with one face of the membrane and may serve as receptor or communication proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gradient of chemical potential (μ)

A

the concentration gradient for uncharged solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

electrogenic pumps

A

-drive protons across the membrane to create a proton motive force
-typically ATPases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ATPases

A

enzymes that split ATP to provide the energy to pump their target solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

electrochemical potential (μj)

A

has two parts, the concentration and the charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The Nernst equation

A

the equation that predicts the Nernst potential (Ec), which assumes the active/passive transport of an ion across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Passive transport

A

movement down the electrochemical gradient from a more positive μj to a more negative μj

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Active transport

A

movement against the electrochemical gradient from a more negative μj to a more positive μj

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Simple diffusion

A

-passive
-bi-directional
-slow
-particles can move directly though the membrane and are usually smaller and both slightly hydrophobic and hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Channel diffusion

A

-passive
-simple diffusion
-unidirectional
-fast
-no solute interaction
-through a protein channel, usually moves charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Carrier protein diffusion

A

-passive
-NOT simple diffusion
-up or down the concentration gradient
-moderate speed
-interacts with solutes
-protein moves molecule through a protein channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Active diffusion

A

-uses energy
-against the concentration gradient
-pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Name the types of diffusion based on speed

A

pumps->simple->carrier protein->channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Symport

A

-active transport
-if the hydrogen and substrate are moving in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Antiport

A

-active transport
-if the hydrogen and the substrate are moving in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Pumps

A

-movement against the gradient
-unidirectional
-very slow
-interaction with solute
-direct energy usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are membrane transporters specialized in?

A

-location
-structure
-solute they transfer
-function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Anion channels

A

maintain charge between cytoplasm and vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Tonoplast transporters

A

move sugars, pigments, and contaminants to the vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Plant cells segregate ions based on ____ and ____.

A

-function
-toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the formula for nitrogen assimilation?

A

NO3 -> NO2 -> NH4+ -> amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the formula for nitrate reduction? Where does it take place?

A

NO3- + NAD(P)H + H+ 2e- ->NO2- + NAD(P)+ + H2O
cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is nitrate reduction mediated by?

A

nitrate reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does nitrate reduction form?

A

nitrate, which is highly toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Nitrate reductase is a homodimer that contains both a ____ and a _____.

A

-Heme group
-FAD group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is nitrate reductase activated by?

A

light, carbohydrates, environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the formula for nitrite reduction? Where does it take place?

A

NO2- +6FDred + 8H+ +6e- ->NH4+ +6FDox + 2H2O
chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does nitrite reduction form?

A

ammonium, which is highly toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is nitrite reduction mediated by?

A

nitrite reductase

61
Q

Glutamine

A

It is synthesized from glutamate and ammonium by the enzyme glutamine synthetase. Glutamine can serve as a primary carrier of ammonium in many metabolic pathways. It can transport ammonium to various cellular locations for further processing and assimilation.

62
Q

Glutamate

A

In the process of ammonium assimilation, ammonium ions are incorporated into organic compounds. Glutamate is often a central molecule in this process. Ammonium ions can be directly incorporated into glutamate through the action of the enzyme glutamine synthetase, forming glutamine.

63
Q

What does ammonia assimilation do?

A

metabolizes the toxic ammonia produced by nitrogen assimilation and photorespiration

64
Q

Why are carbon metabolism and nitrogen fixation coupled?

A

carbon skeletons are needed to synthesize amino acids

65
Q

Almost every single plant is a ____ host, but not every plant is a host for ____.

A

-mycorrhizal
-n-fixing bacteria

66
Q

When did the nitrogen fixing relationship between plant and bacteria show up on the evolutionary timescale?

A

this is a more recent development and is found primarily in angiosperms

67
Q

What is the composition of eukaryote DNA?

A

half archaea, half bacteria

68
Q

Why are non-photosynthetic chloroplast kept by plants?

A

they participate in nitrogen fixation

69
Q

What are NOD factors?

A

Nodulation factors are a unique chemical password used to communicate between bacteria and plants involved in n-fixation

70
Q

Describe the process of nodulation

A

A plant root hair grows out towards a bacterial grouping and circles around it. Then, the plant breaks down its own cell wall, leaving only the cell membrane to let the bacteria inside. The bacteria move through the hair until they are transported in golgi vesicles and are fused with the cell membrane. From here they can continue through the cell layers.

71
Q

What does the plant provide to the bacteria?

A

-safety in nodules
-sugars
-microclimate
-controlled O2 levels via leghemoglobin

72
Q

What enzyme mediates nitrogen fixation? What is this enzyme sensitive to?

A

-nitrogenase
-O2

73
Q

Does nitrogen fixation require energy?

A

Yes, a significant amount in the form of ATP

74
Q

What is the formula for nitrogen fixation?

A

N2 + 8e- +16 ATP ->2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP +16 Pi

75
Q

What does the bacteria provide to the plant?

A

ammonium, which is converted to either amino acids or ureides for transport to leaves

76
Q

Name some functions of the cell wall

A

-compression
-fusion to adjacent cells
-physical barrier
-cell shape (morphogenesis)
-water retention and turgor pressure
-xylem transport and negative pressure
-diffusive barrier

77
Q

Primary cell wall

A

the initial cell wall around all plant cells

78
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

a secondary layer of the cell wall deposited around may cells once they have reached their final size

79
Q

Lignified cell wall

A

a reinforced secondary or tertiary cell wall fortified with lignin, often in woody tissues

80
Q

What are cellulose microfibrils held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

81
Q

What properties does the hydrogen bonds in cellulose create?

A

-flexibility
-practically indestructible (except by some bacteria that create expensive enzymes)

82
Q

What is a rosette make of?

A

6 cellulose synthase A make a rosette subunit. 6 rosette subunits make a rosette.

83
Q

What do rosettes do?

A

they sit on the membrane surface and thread microtubules through the cell

84
Q

What transfers materials across the microtubules?

A

kinesins

85
Q

Describe cellulose microfibril structure (interior, exterior, & overall)

A

-highly structured interior
-loose exterior
-linkage of sugar creates crystalline structure for the microfibril that may trap other components inside

86
Q

Hemicellulose

A

binds to cellulose to stabilize its structure

87
Q

Pectin

A

forms a gell-like matrix that surrounds the celluolse-hemicellulose complex

88
Q

Explain the function of RIC 4 and ROP2/4 in cell growth

A

RIC 4 shows up at particular spots in the cell near the wall, ROP 2 or ROP 4 is then signaled by RIC 4 to bring vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they (and their contents) are absorbed into the membrane, creating a lobe and expanding the cell

89
Q

Explain what direction microfibrils move away from each other during expansion

A

Can be moved away from each other vertically, but not slid horizontally. They sit on top of one another and are bonded together using hydrogen bonds. Trying to slide them apart horizontally creates a series of bonds breaking and reforming, whereas separating them vertically (pulling the top one off of the bottom) only has to break the bonds once.

90
Q

If ψp is ____ Y there’s no cellular expansion.

A

below

91
Q

Explain the acid growth hypothesis

A

proton sectitions and expansin protein “loosen” connections between wall pectins and polysaccharides

92
Q

What is wall creep?

A

turgor pressure causes minute cell expansion

93
Q

How do you stop cell expansion?

A

-remove types of glucan bonds by esterizing them
-increase pectin rigidity
-alter matrix polysaccharide concentration
-cross-link wall phenolics to increase rigidity (linification)

94
Q

Which method of stopping cell wall expansion creates wood and makes the cell shape permanent?

A

cross-link wall phenolics to increase rigidity (linification)

95
Q

What is a feed forward loop? Why is it used?

A

A -> B -> C, but A also regulates C.
-Allows for a more pronounced response
-Causes a signal delay, which can filter out short signal fluctuations and makes sure the stimuli persists

96
Q

Signal input module

A

allows for hierarchical control over a large number of genes

97
Q

MAP kinase network

A

-multiple input signals
-thick decision layer
-can have multiple output signals
-The plant takes inventory of the situation through signals, runs them through a series of pathways and formulates a response based on that information

98
Q

Photomorphogenesis

A

a light triggered developmental response

99
Q

What is the range for blue light reactions?

A

400-500 nm

100
Q

What is the range for phytochrome-mediated reactions?

A

630-820 nm

101
Q

What is an apical hook and why do plants grow them?

A

A type of lanky, vertical growth seen when seeds are grown in the dark. They do this because the seed believes it’s underground. The hydrocution (stem) thickens and curves over at the top to ‘push through the soil’ and minimize damage to the leaves.

102
Q

What type of light triggers germination?

A

red light

103
Q

What type of light stops germination?

A

far-red light (the light still thinks it’s underground)

104
Q

What type of light goes deepest into the soil?

A

far-red light

105
Q

Phytoreversibility

A

there are two forms of phytochrome that switch back and forth depending on the presence of red/far-red light

106
Q

Pr

A

a form of phytochrome that absorbs red light (inactive)

107
Q

Pfr

A

a form of phytochrome that absorbs far-red light (active)

108
Q

Fluence

A

a type of measurement that records number of photons that a plant receives of photosynthetically active radiations

109
Q

What happens when different plants receive signals from phytochrome?

A

All plants receive the same signals from phytochrome. However, different plants change what they do with and how they react to that information.

110
Q

What is the structure of Chromophore: phytochromobilin in Pr vs Pfr?

A

Red light converts cis to trans conformation

111
Q

What forms during morphogenesis?

A

basal plant body

112
Q

What forms during organogenesis?

A

organized structures

113
Q

What forms during differentiation?

A

specialized cell types

114
Q

What are the 3 steps of embryogenesis?

A

morphogenesis, organogenesis, differentiation

115
Q

Quiescent center cell

A

the direction which neighbor cells divide in relation to the quiescent center cell changes the type of cell they become

116
Q

Where are the stem cells in the growing root and what do they do?

A

they surround the quiescent center cell and differentiate into their appropriate cells

117
Q

What kind of signals does the quiescent center send out?

A

auxin and cytokinin

118
Q

What is the relationship between auxin and cytokinin?

A

they have an antagonistic relationship and don’t like to be sent to the same cells

119
Q

What does L1 produce?

A

epidermal tissues

120
Q

What do L2 and L3 produce?

A

internal tissues

121
Q

The arrangement of leaves on a stem is dependant on ____.

A

auxin

122
Q

Why do mature leaf epidermal cells have wavy margins?

A

helps resist tearing apart under environmental stress

123
Q

Stomata are found where?

A

Almost all above-ground epidermis tissues

124
Q

What was the original purpose of the stomata?

A

support desiccation of structures holding pollen/spores

125
Q

What kind of spacing pattern do stomata have?

A

1-cell

126
Q

Meristemoids are always ____ to the stomata.

A

Non-adjacent

127
Q

Meristemoids

A

small, specialized cells that are capable of giving rise to other types of plant cells.

128
Q

What happens when two meristemoids that are next to each other ?

A

-oriented division (one goes through another round to division to move farther away)

-lateral inhibition (one gives up on being a meristemoid and becomes a pigment cell)

-double-stomata (both become stomatas anyway, doesn’t happen very often)

129
Q

What does the four-lips mutant phenotype do?

A

controls the guard mother cell division (stops division once a certain size is reached)

130
Q

What is the quick way to produce auxin?

A

break down tryptophans

131
Q

How does a plant store auxin?

A

by creating a pool of methylated auxin in the cytoplasm

132
Q

How is auxin transferred through the cell so it doesn’t react along the way?

A

auxin is bundled with another compound and sent through the phloem where a hydrolase breaks it into a useable form at the end point

133
Q

What do the PIN genes do?

A

they transport auxin in different directions

134
Q

How does auxin extend the cell wall?

A

activating H+-ATPase

135
Q

Obligate regulation

A

have a fixed requirement for certain environmental factors to induce flowering

136
Q

Facultative regulation

A

can adjust their flowering time in response to environmental cues, but they are not strictly bound by these cues

137
Q

meristem identity

A

positive regulation of floral identity genes

138
Q

floral organ identity

A

direct control of floral identity genes

139
Q

What are the two categories of gene regulate flowering?

A

meristem identity & floral organ identity

140
Q

What does VERN 1 do?

A

activates flowering

141
Q

What does VERN 2 do?

A

inhibits VERN 1

142
Q

What happens when light interrupts a long day plant dark period?

A

the plant will still flower as long as long days are still present

143
Q

What happens when light interrupts a short day (long night) plant dark period?

A

the plant will not flower even with a standard short day

144
Q

What is jasmonate signaling in response to?

A

response to fungal or animal pathogen wounding the plant

145
Q

What is ethylene signaling in response to?

A

response to non-specific wounding

146
Q

What is salicylic acid signaling in response to?

A

response to bacterial pathogens

147
Q

Which two signals are volatile? Which is non-volatile?

A

volatile: jasmonate & ethylene
non-volatile: salicylic acid

148
Q

What is the interaction between signaling pathways?

A

Multiple can be activated at the same time and work simultaneously. However, they can also inhibit each other, with the strongest signal receiving the most energy from the plant.

Plant Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions