EX1 Q2

Question 1

Gene Transcription

Answer 1

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

Question 2

Core Promoter

Answer 2

-Contains the RNA polymerase binding site, TATA box, and transcription start site (TSS)

Question 3

Distal Regulatory Sequences

Answer 3

-Includes enhancers and silencers

Question 4

Epigenetic Modification

Answer 4

Modifications to DNA that regulate whether genes are turned on or off

Question 5

Gene Regulatory Proteins

Answer 5

Recognize short stretches of DNA of defined sequence and thereby determine which of the thousands of genes in a cell will be transcribed

Question 6

Proximal Promoter Sequences

Answer 6

-Further upstream from the core promoter.

-The site where general transcription factors bind.

Question 7

TATA Box

Answer 7

A part of the promoter which helps stabilize RNA polymerase and instruct it where and how to begin transcription.

Question 8

Transcription Factors

Answer 8

-Proteins that bind to transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region.

-They can activate or inhibit transcription

Question 9

Transcription Initiation Complex

Answer 9

General transcription factors plus RNA polymerase.

Question 10

Protein Turnover

Answer 10

The replacement of older proteins as they are broken down within the cell

Question 11

Ubiquitin

Answer 11

-A protein used to tag genes for deletion

-Can also target transcription factors

Question 12

RNA Polymerase

Answer 12

-Transcribes the DNA strand into mRNA

-RNA polymerase I, II, and III-that are often referred to as pol I, pol II, and pol III. Each polymerase produces only certain types of RNA. For example, mRNAs are derived from genes transcribed by pol II.

Question 13

Regulatory Promoter Sequence

Answer 13

Control the activity of the core promoter

Question 14

What’s the difference between proximal and distal elements?

Answer 14

-Proximal elements are nearer to the promoter and distal elements are farther away.

Question 15

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 15

nucleus

Question 16

What are on the ends of mRNA?

Answer 16

5’ cap and poly A tail (a string of adenines)

Question 17

What are the three stages of transcription?

Answer 17

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 18

What happens to the pre-mRNA strand before translation?

Answer 18

the introns are removed

Question 19

Enhancers

Answer 19

-Increased transcription

-When specific transcription factors and bind to enhancers, they interact with the gene’s promoter region. This facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase and leads to increased gene expression.

Question 20

Activator Proteins

Answer 20

Proteins which help RNA Polymerase work more efficiently

Question 21

Distal Promoter

Answer 21

-Upstream of the proximal promoter.

-Contains transcription factor binding sites, but mostly contains regulatory elements

Question 22

Promoter (general)

Answer 22

-A region of DNA, upstream of a gene, where proteins bind to initiate transcription of that gene

Question 23

Silencers

Answer 23

-Decreased transcription

-When certain transcription factors and bind to silencers, they interfere with the activation of gene expression, leading to decreased transcription.