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Research Methods > Exam 2 (not ch9 part 2) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (not ch9 part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Descriptive Statistics

A

Values that describe the characteristics of a sample or population. Describes data and not helpful in drawing conclusions.

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2
Q

Define Interential Statistics

A

Values that infer results of a sample to the population from which the sample is taken. Used to derive a conclusion using tests.

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3
Q

4 levels of measurments?

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interval
  4. Ratio
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4
Q

Nominal and Ordinal is qualitative or quantitative?

A

QUALITATIVE. Cannot be measured by a numerical value. ex: color of skin, male or female, ethnicity, etc. can’t take an average of male and female. variables that cannot take average.

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5
Q

Interval and Ratio is quantitative or qualitative?

A

QUANTITATIVE. Can take averages.

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6
Q

What are the two types of Continuous measurments?

A

Interval and Ratio

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7
Q

Which measurment has no zero value?

A

Continuous (interval/ratio)

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8
Q

Define Nominal. Example?

A

Data that categorized. Gender, eye color, race, graduating cohort, practice specialty

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9
Q

Define Ordinal. Example?

A

Data defined by ordering but distance between the choices or values is not defined.

Performance scales, rankings, likert scales

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10
Q

Define Interval. Example?

A

Data with defined interval between values but no true zero value.

Ambient temp has no true 0

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11
Q

Define Ratio. Examples?

A

Data with an absolute zero where zero means total absence of something.

Visual acuity, range of motion 0-10, height, weight, BP, blood alcohol level

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12
Q

Which curve is normally distributed?

A

Bell-shaped curve

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13
Q

What are the same in a normally distributed Bell-shaped curve?

A

Mean, median, mode

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14
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency?

A

Mean=average
median=midpoint
mode=most frequently occurring number

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15
Q

3 measured of variability?

A

Range=diff between largest and smallest variables
Variance=how far numbers spread out
StrdDev=how much variation exists from average/mean

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16
Q

Define Skewness

A

How symmetrical the distribution of variation is

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17
Q

Define Kurtosis

A

Peakedness or flattness of distribution

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18
Q

Define Shape

A

Includes modality and outliers

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19
Q

Bar Chart is only used for which type of data?

A

Categorical (Nominal and Ordinal)

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20
Q

Histogram used for which type of data?

A

Continuous (Ratio/Interval)

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21
Q

Do bars touch in bar chart?

A

No

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22
Q

Do bars touch in histogram?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What does Box and Whisker Plot show? Data and space?

A

Shape of distribution and presence of outliers. Little space to convey great deal of info.

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24
Q

What does a Pie Chart do to a sample? Good for what?

A

Divide up into proportions. Good for showing age or ethnic nubers in a sample.

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25
Q

What do Scatter Plots show? Relationships?

A

Relationship between variables. Look for relationships among continuous and ratio variables in 2d or 3d.

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26
Q

Closer the dots in a Scatter Plot means what?

A

Stronger the asssociation

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27
Q

What does a Survival Curse show? X and Y show what?

A

Length of time until a bad event such as death.
X=length of time
Y=percent of the group

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28
Q

Sample Size much be large enough to do what?

A

Include all variability in a population

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29
Q

Which 2 scales used for parametric tests? What shape? What sample size?

A

Ratio and Interval. Normal shape. Large sample size.

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30
Q

Which 2 scales used for nonparametric tests? What shape? What sample size?

A

Nominal and Ordinal. Non-normal shape (skewed). Small sample size.

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31
Q

T-test is for how many levels/groups? What does T-test measure?

A

2 levels/groups. Measured diff between means of two unrelated groups or independent samples.

32
Q

Describe Paired-Sample T-test

A

Type of repeated measures test where measures are taken over time and the results are compared from one point in time to another

33
Q

Two groups, one outcome. Which test?

A

T-test (student T-test)

34
Q

Two groups-one outcome at multiple time points. Which test?

A

Paired-samples T-test.

35
Q

How many groups/levels in ANOVA?

A

More than 2

36
Q

What does ANOVA measure?

A

Assesses a relationship between a categorical independent variable and a continuous dependent variable

37
Q

More than two groups- one outcome. Which test?

A

ANOVA

38
Q

What type of answer does ANOVA give?

A

Yes or no.

39
Q

Type of data for Chi-square? What does Chi-Square measure?

A

Used with qualitative or non-normal data. Used to compare independent measures as well as tests to look for differences or relationships.

40
Q

Which test for parametric correlation (association)?

A

Pearson r

41
Q

Which test for nonparametric?

A

Spearman r

42
Q

Relationship between variables used for what? Ex?

A

If variables change in relationship to other variables.

Incidents of arthritis increases with age?

43
Q

Positive Relationship exists when….

A

increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another

44
Q

Negative Relationship exists when….

A

Increase in one variable associated with decrease in another variable

45
Q

Pearson correlation coefficient which letter?

A

“r”. Test for relationship between two variables that are interval or ratio.

46
Q

r range and rule of thumb?

A

range= -1.0 to +1.0

rule of thumb= r at least 0.755 is strong positive association. r 0.160 or less is weak relationship.

47
Q

What is Regression Analysis?

A

Identify relationship between depndent variable and one or more independent variables.

48
Q

Three types of studies in EBP?

A
  1. Studies of Treatment
  2. Studies of Harm
  3. Studies of Prevention
49
Q

Define Efficacy in EBP?

A

Ability of intervention to produce desired beneficial effect (prevent dz, eliminate dz, or reduce sx of dz)

50
Q

Define Indication? Contraindication?

A

Indication=circumstances in which a given treatment should be used
Contraindications=should not be used because there is risk of harm to the patient

51
Q

Define Side Effect and Complication

A

Side effect=unintended sx from treatment, prevention, diagnostic, or screening procedure

Complication=unintended adverse events, such as death

52
Q

Harm caused by what two things?

A
  1. Natural course of dz/no tx

2. Complications from diagnostics or treatments

53
Q

6 search terms which indicate harm

A

Interactions, complications, side effects, adverse events, harm, safety

54
Q

4 types of prevention?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

55
Q

Define Primary Prevention and examples

A

Reduce incidents of dz by personal and community (handwashing, not smoking, eating well, immunization

56
Q

Define Secondary Prevention and examples

A

Reduce prevalence of dz by short duration (abx, pap smear, mammogram)

57
Q

Define Tertiary Prevention and examples

A

Measures aimed at softening impact of long-term dz and disability to improve quality of life (Cardiac rehab, stroke rehab)

58
Q

Define Quaternary Prevention

A

Actions that identify patients at risk of overdiagnosis or overmedication and protect from excessive medical intervention. “Overmedicalization”.

59
Q

4 aspects of determining trustworthiness of quantitative study?

A
  1. Int Validity
  2. Ext Validity
  3. Reliability
  4. Objectivity
60
Q

Define Reliability in trustworthiness of a quantitative study

A

Reliability is producing stable and consistent results

61
Q

Define Objectivity in trustworthiness of a quantitative study. How to control for objectivity?

A

Unbiased, honest, precise.

Control via conducting research with collaborative team and blinding to the study.

62
Q

What is Dependent Variable?

A

dependent variable=being effected in an experiment. depends on independent variable.

ex: fertilizer is independent variable and growth of plant is dependent variable. Growth is being effected by fertilizer (independent).

63
Q

What is Independent Variable?

A

independent variable=can manipulate during experiment/have control over.

Ex: amount of fertilizer used in growing a plant

64
Q

What is Confounding Variable?

A

Don’t have any control over or eliminate.

Ex: direct sunlight on plant but not accounting for it. try to avoid confounding variables.

65
Q

Goal of IRB?

A

Protect human subjects above everything else

66
Q

Who makes up the IRB?

A

At least one scientist, at least one non-scientist, at least one person not part of the institution doing the research. Must be legal representatives of various populations (Ex: prisoners)

67
Q

When can human research start?

A

After IRB review and approval

68
Q

What type of research is “Exempt from Review”? Expiration and IRB approval?

A

Ex: educational setting. no intervention, not invasive research, if working on existing medical record. “Flipped classroom” or how to manage a classroom. IRB approved not required, only IRB determination if ethical. No expiration.

69
Q

Describe Expedited IRB Review. Expiration? Full IRB approval?

A

Minimal risk, in one of 7 categories (BP, blood draw, xray, survey, chart review, something routine). Reviewd by one member of IRB approved, one year approval, requires annual review.

70
Q

What type of review for “greater than minimal risk”?

A

Full IRB approval. Greater than minimal risk or not in one of 7 categories of expedited research. entire IRB approval. one year and annual review.

71
Q

Describe Full IRB approval. Risk and review?

A

Greater than minimal risk or not in one of 7 categories of expedited research. Entire IRB approval. One year and annual review.

72
Q

What to do if conduct research which breaks rules?

A

Must report noncompliance.

73
Q

What did the Belmont Report say?

A

Three basic ethical principals which says respect for persons, beneficence, and justice all have equal weight.

74
Q

Define Beneficence

A

Do no harm, max possible benefits, minimize bad outcomes

75
Q

Major elements of Informed Consent?

A

Statement that study involves research, description of foreseeable risks, benefits reasonably expected, alternatives which may benefit patient, confidential records, injury-related care/compensation, contact info, participation is voluntary

76
Q

Allowed to ask participants to waive right of compensation in Informed Consent if something goes wrong?

A

NO

Research Methods (6 decks)

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