Exam 2 (not ch9 part 2) Flashcards
Define Descriptive Statistics
Values that describe the characteristics of a sample or population. Describes data and not helpful in drawing conclusions.
Define Interential Statistics
Values that infer results of a sample to the population from which the sample is taken. Used to derive a conclusion using tests.
4 levels of measurments?
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
Nominal and Ordinal is qualitative or quantitative?
QUALITATIVE. Cannot be measured by a numerical value. ex: color of skin, male or female, ethnicity, etc. can’t take an average of male and female. variables that cannot take average.
Interval and Ratio is quantitative or qualitative?
QUANTITATIVE. Can take averages.
What are the two types of Continuous measurments?
Interval and Ratio
Which measurment has no zero value?
Continuous (interval/ratio)
Define Nominal. Example?
Data that categorized. Gender, eye color, race, graduating cohort, practice specialty
Define Ordinal. Example?
Data defined by ordering but distance between the choices or values is not defined.
Performance scales, rankings, likert scales
Define Interval. Example?
Data with defined interval between values but no true zero value.
Ambient temp has no true 0
Define Ratio. Examples?
Data with an absolute zero where zero means total absence of something.
Visual acuity, range of motion 0-10, height, weight, BP, blood alcohol level
Which curve is normally distributed?
Bell-shaped curve
What are the same in a normally distributed Bell-shaped curve?
Mean, median, mode
What are the three measures of central tendency?
Mean=average
median=midpoint
mode=most frequently occurring number
3 measured of variability?
Range=diff between largest and smallest variables
Variance=how far numbers spread out
StrdDev=how much variation exists from average/mean
Define Skewness
How symmetrical the distribution of variation is
Define Kurtosis
Peakedness or flattness of distribution
Define Shape
Includes modality and outliers
Bar Chart is only used for which type of data?
Categorical (Nominal and Ordinal)
Histogram used for which type of data?
Continuous (Ratio/Interval)
Do bars touch in bar chart?
No
Do bars touch in histogram?
Yes
What does Box and Whisker Plot show? Data and space?
Shape of distribution and presence of outliers. Little space to convey great deal of info.
What does a Pie Chart do to a sample? Good for what?
Divide up into proportions. Good for showing age or ethnic nubers in a sample.
What do Scatter Plots show? Relationships?
Relationship between variables. Look for relationships among continuous and ratio variables in 2d or 3d.
Closer the dots in a Scatter Plot means what?
Stronger the asssociation
What does a Survival Curse show? X and Y show what?
Length of time until a bad event such as death.
X=length of time
Y=percent of the group
Sample Size much be large enough to do what?
Include all variability in a population
Which 2 scales used for parametric tests? What shape? What sample size?
Ratio and Interval. Normal shape. Large sample size.
Which 2 scales used for nonparametric tests? What shape? What sample size?
Nominal and Ordinal. Non-normal shape (skewed). Small sample size.
T-test is for how many levels/groups? What does T-test measure?
2 levels/groups. Measured diff between means of two unrelated groups or independent samples.
Describe Paired-Sample T-test
Type of repeated measures test where measures are taken over time and the results are compared from one point in time to another
Two groups, one outcome. Which test?
T-test (student T-test)
Two groups-one outcome at multiple time points. Which test?
Paired-samples T-test.
How many groups/levels in ANOVA?
More than 2
What does ANOVA measure?
Assesses a relationship between a categorical independent variable and a continuous dependent variable
More than two groups- one outcome. Which test?
ANOVA
What type of answer does ANOVA give?
Yes or no.
Type of data for Chi-square? What does Chi-Square measure?
Used with qualitative or non-normal data. Used to compare independent measures as well as tests to look for differences or relationships.
Which test for parametric correlation (association)?
Pearson r
Which test for nonparametric?
Spearman r
Relationship between variables used for what? Ex?
If variables change in relationship to other variables.
Incidents of arthritis increases with age?
Positive Relationship exists when….
increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another
Negative Relationship exists when….
Increase in one variable associated with decrease in another variable
Pearson correlation coefficient which letter?
“r”. Test for relationship between two variables that are interval or ratio.
r range and rule of thumb?
range= -1.0 to +1.0
rule of thumb= r at least 0.755 is strong positive association. r 0.160 or less is weak relationship.
What is Regression Analysis?
Identify relationship between depndent variable and one or more independent variables.
Three types of studies in EBP?
- Studies of Treatment
- Studies of Harm
- Studies of Prevention
Define Efficacy in EBP?
Ability of intervention to produce desired beneficial effect (prevent dz, eliminate dz, or reduce sx of dz)
Define Indication? Contraindication?
Indication=circumstances in which a given treatment should be used
Contraindications=should not be used because there is risk of harm to the patient
Define Side Effect and Complication
Side effect=unintended sx from treatment, prevention, diagnostic, or screening procedure
Complication=unintended adverse events, such as death
Harm caused by what two things?
- Natural course of dz/no tx
2. Complications from diagnostics or treatments
6 search terms which indicate harm
Interactions, complications, side effects, adverse events, harm, safety
4 types of prevention?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Define Primary Prevention and examples
Reduce incidents of dz by personal and community (handwashing, not smoking, eating well, immunization
Define Secondary Prevention and examples
Reduce prevalence of dz by short duration (abx, pap smear, mammogram)
Define Tertiary Prevention and examples
Measures aimed at softening impact of long-term dz and disability to improve quality of life (Cardiac rehab, stroke rehab)
Define Quaternary Prevention
Actions that identify patients at risk of overdiagnosis or overmedication and protect from excessive medical intervention. “Overmedicalization”.
4 aspects of determining trustworthiness of quantitative study?
- Int Validity
- Ext Validity
- Reliability
- Objectivity
Define Reliability in trustworthiness of a quantitative study
Reliability is producing stable and consistent results
Define Objectivity in trustworthiness of a quantitative study. How to control for objectivity?
Unbiased, honest, precise.
Control via conducting research with collaborative team and blinding to the study.
What is Dependent Variable?
dependent variable=being effected in an experiment. depends on independent variable.
ex: fertilizer is independent variable and growth of plant is dependent variable. Growth is being effected by fertilizer (independent).
What is Independent Variable?
independent variable=can manipulate during experiment/have control over.
Ex: amount of fertilizer used in growing a plant
What is Confounding Variable?
Don’t have any control over or eliminate.
Ex: direct sunlight on plant but not accounting for it. try to avoid confounding variables.
Goal of IRB?
Protect human subjects above everything else
Who makes up the IRB?
At least one scientist, at least one non-scientist, at least one person not part of the institution doing the research. Must be legal representatives of various populations (Ex: prisoners)
When can human research start?
After IRB review and approval
What type of research is “Exempt from Review”? Expiration and IRB approval?
Ex: educational setting. no intervention, not invasive research, if working on existing medical record. “Flipped classroom” or how to manage a classroom. IRB approved not required, only IRB determination if ethical. No expiration.
Describe Expedited IRB Review. Expiration? Full IRB approval?
Minimal risk, in one of 7 categories (BP, blood draw, xray, survey, chart review, something routine). Reviewd by one member of IRB approved, one year approval, requires annual review.
What type of review for “greater than minimal risk”?
Full IRB approval. Greater than minimal risk or not in one of 7 categories of expedited research. entire IRB approval. one year and annual review.
Describe Full IRB approval. Risk and review?
Greater than minimal risk or not in one of 7 categories of expedited research. Entire IRB approval. One year and annual review.
What to do if conduct research which breaks rules?
Must report noncompliance.
What did the Belmont Report say?
Three basic ethical principals which says respect for persons, beneficence, and justice all have equal weight.
Define Beneficence
Do no harm, max possible benefits, minimize bad outcomes
Major elements of Informed Consent?
Statement that study involves research, description of foreseeable risks, benefits reasonably expected, alternatives which may benefit patient, confidential records, injury-related care/compensation, contact info, participation is voluntary
Allowed to ask participants to waive right of compensation in Informed Consent if something goes wrong?
NO
