Exam 1 - Lecture 2 Health Care Research Methods Flashcards
What are Qualitative Studies primarily?
Primary exploratory research
What are Quantitative Studies based on?
Based on external and objective measures
What does quantitative studies deal with?
Data
Limitations of qualitative research?
Time consuming, labor, cost, difficult sharing data, anonymity challenge, info might or might not be trustworthy
Limitations of quantitative research? Greatest limit?
Time and cost are greatest limiting factors, generalizability, sources of bias (sampling selecting a subject of population and recruiting to participate in study; measurement)
What are the 3 styles of Quantitative Research design?
- Observational
- Quasi-Experimental
- Experimental
Describe the Observational style of Quantitative Research design
Correlational research without intervention. Ex: Observe a treatment or risk factor and not care who is exposed, just observing. Not carefully designed with well defined experimental and control groups.
Describe the Quasi-experimental style of Quantitative Research design. What does it resemble but lacks?
Resembles the experimental research but lacks allocation of groups or proper control. Not randomly assigned so not a “true experiment” which have randomly assigned groups. Ex: Testing effects of EtOH on fetus in pregger women–can’t ask women to drink EtOH d/t legal and ethical concerns but can put women in groups based on what they already do.
Describe the Experimental style of Quantitative Research design. Main component?
A study where a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed. Has main component of randomly assigning patients.
3 styles of Quantative Research (Temporal cycle)?
- Retrospective
- Cross-sectional
- Prospective
Describe the Retrospective type of Quantative Research (Temporal cycle)
Involved use of data or specimens that are existing at the time that the research is being submitted. Something that has already happened and looking back to see effects.
Describe the Cross-Sectional type of Quantative Research (Temporal cycle)
Collects data at single point in time. Looks at prevalence of something at a certain point in time. Most CDC studies are cross-sectional and zoomed in to people at a given point in time.
Describe the Prorospective type of Quantative Research (Temporal cycle)
Involved the formulation of hypothesis, collection of data over a defined period of time, and then analyzing the findings. Looking at future/forward directionality.
What are the 4 phases of Clinical Trial testing? What do they test?
Phase 1=just safety, 20-80 people
Phase 2=safety and effective in small pop, 100-300 people
Phase 3=safety and effective in large group and compare with other studies 1000-3000 people
Phase 4=post marketing for side effects and safety
What happens to the quality of evidence as you move up the hierarchy?
Fewer studies, uses controls for comparison, less bias, stronger methodology
Define Case Reports and Case Series
Case Report=Report on a single patient
Case Series=Follow up on a single patient
Define Case Control Studies
Patients who already have a specific condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. Has a case and a control.
Define Cohort Study
Identify a group of people who already are taking a particular treatment or who all have the same exposure. Group all has something in common. Followed up over time makes cohort study.
Example of famous Cohort Study?
Framingham Heart Study.
Define Randomized Controlled Trial
Study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or control group. Gold standard of studies!
What is the “gold standard” of studies?
Randomized Controlled Trial
Define Systematic Review
Systematic review which summarizes the results of available carefully designed healthcare studies (controlled trials) and provides a high level of evidence on the effectiveness of health care interventions. Has inclusions and exclusions already defined.
Second best of all studies. No statistical analysis.
What is the second best of all studies? What does it not have? Does that it require?
Systematic Review. No statistical analysis. Requires inclusions and exclusions already defined in studies.
Define Meta Analysis
The statistical analysis of a large analysis of the individual studies to integrate the findings. Brings together all studies and integrates them, uses raw data and statistical methods to crunch as if doing one large study. Study will say it is a metanalysis.
In a Systematic Review what will the studies say?
“To be included, studies were required to state they were XXXX and XXX”
