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Neuroscience-special topic > Exam 2: Neurovascular > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neurovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Neuronal patterning is accomplish by

A

Axon guidance

guidance cues- receptors on neuron/axon, cue expression from tissue

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2
Q

Chemotaxis

A

certain tissues expression at certain level/higher gradient. Floorpate of neural tube

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3
Q

hapotaxis

A

not just gradients, substrates around them (ECM), influecnes axonal guidance

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4
Q

Axons that go long distance travel…

A

first floorplate, then other things. Down to floorplate, then cross.

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5
Q

Short range cues

A

contact repulsion/attraction

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6
Q

Long range cues

A

chemoattraction/repulsion

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7
Q

Example: GTPase Arl13b for cilia regulates ___ signaling.

What happens when you KO guidance cue?

A

shh signal (Robo3+ axons on sides of neural tube)

Disorganization

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8
Q

Neuronal guidance cues also attract and repeal _____ cells.

What are the two ways they do this?

A

Endothelial

1) Ligands (secreted by tissue)
2) Recpetors (expressed on ECs)-endothelial cells form lining of blood vessels

how it gets information where effects pattern of vasculature.

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9
Q

Cell mobility:

Vegf, Fgf, Bmp, Apelin, Sdf-1, shh

A

filopodia extend (actin stress)

polymerize actin, activate integrins, ECM attaches to alpha/beta subunit

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10
Q

Cell mobility:

chordin, noggin, sema3, slit, netrin, ephrin (in’s except apelin)

A

filopodia retraction

inactivate integrin

depolymerize actin

ECM no bind to alpha/beta

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11
Q

What is the first blood vessel to form in embryonic vascular network?

A

Dorsal aortae (DA)

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12
Q

Mouse dorsal aortae development

A

green (endothelial cells) in mesoderm come together and form vessels.

Angioblasts, migrate/consolidate, differentiate, lumen

Avascular zones around dorsal aortae.

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13
Q

DA development: notochord has __ guidance cues

A

Many

Chordin, noggin, slit2, sema3E, netrin1

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14
Q

How does DA stay where it is?

A

repulsive neuronal guidance cues in surrounding tissue

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15
Q

What happens to Foxh1-/- mice which lack notochord?

A

Disorganized dorsal aortae, no repulsion cues.

flkLacZ image

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16
Q

Notochord repels blood vessels, when you remove get ride of

A

avascular zones, which need Sema3E, also in lateral plate mesoderm by avascular regions.

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17
Q

What happens to Sema3E-PlexinD1 mutant mice

A

DA pattern is lost

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18
Q

Shared ____ regulate neuronal and vascular patterning

A

neuronal guidance cues

19
Q

What s neurovascular reciprocal patterning?

A

Structures of nerves and blood vessels pattern each other

Nerve –> bv in skin
bv –> nerve in heart

20
Q

How does neurovascular patterning work in skin?

A

neuron patterns vascular

physical association
artery forms along nerves

however, VEINS not associated with nerves

21
Q

What happens to blood vessel patterning when nerves absent (Ngn1-/- and Ngn2-/-)?

A

blood vessel patterning disrupted

22
Q

What is the chemoattractant in blood vessels for endothelial cells? (it is responsible for patterning of blood vessels)

A

VEGF

skin- lots of nerves have VEGF

significantly increases mice lifespan by rejuvenating blood vessels.

23
Q

What does the retina do?

A

receive input form light so hits special cells. Light from lens is focus and converted into neuronal signals send to brain.

Blood vessels and astrocytes maintain cell survival.

24
Q

What is closely associated in retina?

A

Astrocytes (GFAP) and blood vessels

both requird to pattern each other and maintain function

Astrocytes derived from brain, radially populate retina, and bv do same thing. through optic nerve, branch out

25
Q

Mice pups are born- what happens to retina blood vessels?

A

They don’t have any, once born, they come out and radiate. Regulated in part by light.

If pups are kept in the dark, the process is delayed. patterning effect on blood vessels.

26
Q

Astrocyte derived ____ seems to be patterning blood vessels.

A

VEGF

27
Q

What does Sox2 deletion impair?

A

Retinal astrocyte maturation and subsequently vascular patterning.

KO= less mature patterning

28
Q

Mature astrocyte

A

high GFAP, low Pax2

29
Q

Immature astrocyte

A

low FGAP, high Pax2

30
Q

If you KO Sox2, what happens to blood vessels?

A

Astrocytes not mature, so blood vessels…

process delayed, space doesn’t fill, patterns pretty well, but not good enough, not properly

31
Q

What labels endothelial cells?

A

IB4

32
Q

Do retinal blood vessels regulate astrocyte differentiation?

A

Yes,

more Mature have more blood vessels

33
Q

Retina when KO VEGFR-2, vascular defective.

A

Mature astrocytes move to periphery, vasculature dictates axons.

Shorter distance with defect blood vessels, differentiation zone not extended.

DIFFERENTIATION of axons is off.

upregulation of Pax2 if not a lot of GFAP

34
Q

How do blood vessels in retina even help astrocyte differentiation?

A

Oxygen from retinal circulation may promote astrocytic differentiation.

35
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Wet aged related Macular Degeneration (wAMD) - general information

A

macula= high concentration of photoreceptors, get light to concentrate to create central vision, color, fine detail

leading cause of vision loss in older Americans

Wet version- new blood vessels grow beneath retina, LEAK BLOOD. causes permanent damage of light-sensitive retina cells, which die off and create blind spots in central vision (anti-VEGF therapies)

36
Q

Neurovascular disease:

dry AMD

A

Results from

1) aging and thinning of macular tissues
2) deposition of pigment in macular (drusen)
3) combination of 1 and 2

37
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Stroke- general

A

Sudden interruption in blood supply, brain can’t get oxygen and nutrients

SYMPTOMS: 
paralysis/loss of muscle movement
Difficultly talk/swallow
memory loss/thinking difficulties
Emotional problems
Pain
Changes in behavior/self-care ability
38
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Ischemic stroke cause

A

blocked artery

39
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

leaking or bursting blood vessel

40
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Brain aneurysm

A

bulge in blood vessel of brain leaks/ruptures, causing bleeding in brain

increase pressure in skull. Too much pressure, blood and oxygen supply to brain may be disrupted to the point that loss of consciousness and death occur

41
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Arteriovenous malformation (AVMS)

Name the 2 forms

A

Fragile, inappropriate connections between arteries, and veins that are prone to hemorrhaging, which can lead to stroke and death

1) Familial forms- lung, liver, and brain
2) Sporadic forms

Familial: primary view capillaries what is wrong, bv too dilated, shunts between them.

42
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Vasculties

A

inflammation of blood vessels

Changes in blood vessels walls, thickening, weakening, narrowing or scarring. Can be CNS or PNS, depends on location.

43
Q

Neurovascular disease:

Vasculitis symptoms

A

Vary by location

Aneurysms (hemorrhagic stroke)
Blood clots (ischemic stroke)
Confusion or forgetfulness (dementia)
Sensation abnormal 
Muscle weakness/paralysis- arms/legs
Swelling of brain
Vision problems 
Seizures and convulsions 
Trouble speaking or understanding

Neuroscience-special topic (8 decks)

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