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Neuroscience-special topic > Exam 1: Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is acquisition of glial-class identity

A

gliogenesis

some radial glia progenitors give rise to glia after neurogenesis

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2
Q

shh controls pattern of specification in neural progenitors. This sets up ___ ___

A

progenitor domains

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3
Q

Motor neurons from __ domain

A

Olig2

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4
Q

Spinal interneurons derive from ___ and ____ domains

A

Nkx2.2

Pax6-Irx3

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5
Q

Do motor neurons differentiate at higher/lower rate than interneurons

A

higher rate

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6
Q

___ induces expression of Olig2, which directly promotes neuronal differentiation in motor neuron progenitors by suppressing the expression of HES GENES (negative regulators of neuronal differentiation)

A

Shh

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7
Q

Genetic program that defines the identity of corticospinal neurons will have

A

instruction for brain region, structure, class of neuron, subtype

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8
Q

Broad specification of progenitor domains by

A

extracellular morphogens

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9
Q

Different progenitor domains give rise to different

A

classes of neurons

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10
Q

FGF- __ neuron

BMP2,4 ___ neuron

A

CNS neuron

PNS neuron

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11
Q

Waddington’s binary decisions

A

bifurcates into different grooves goes the marble

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12
Q

What is the problem with canalization? Can we change landscape?

A

Pluripotent reprogramming
Direct conversion

YES!

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13
Q

Why is reprogramming neurons cool?

A

make specific types for drug test and disease model

patient derived neurons

replacement therapy

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14
Q

Directed differentiation into a specific type of neuron/glial cell:

Genetic programs encoding neuron/glia ______

A

subtype identity

need to know this to make desired cell

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15
Q

When Caudal signals (RA/some wnts) are gone…

A

Go rostral

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16
Q

If ventralizing signals blocked

A

dorsal telencephalic progenitors induced

EXCITATORY = dorsal

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17
Q

Add ventraling signals

A

INTERNEURONS = ventral (GABA)

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18
Q

Specific combinations of _____________ _______ can be added to further specify neuron identity (DA< SE, Cholinergic)

A

transcription factors

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19
Q

What factors bring somatic cell back to pluripotent state?

A

Yamanaka factors

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20
Q

Advantages of iPSCs

A

limitless source of neurons

used as patient specific therapy -lower risk of rejection

reduce ethical issues

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21
Q

Cons of iPSCs

A

pluripotent origin- risk of tumor formation

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22
Q

Pros of directly reprogrammed cells

A

reduced tumorigenic potential

patient-specific lower risk of graft rejection

reduced ethical issues

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23
Q

Cons of directly reprogrammed cells

A

finite number of neurons can be produced protocols efficiency remains low

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24
Q

Disk model:

no hierarchy

A

pluripotent state just one of possible states

can be bypassed

extrinsic factors tilt the disk and transcription factors guide

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25
Q

Can pericytes from adult human brain (biopsy) reprogram into neurons?

A

Yes

26
Q

The process by which neurons send out axons to reach their targets

A

Axon navigation

27
Q

The process by which axons select their target structure and specific target neurons

A

Target selection

28
Q

The process by which synaptic targets are recognized by growing axons, and initial contact and communication between neurons is established.

Usually connections exuberant during early development

A

Synapse formation

29
Q

The process by which synaptic connections refined.

Unnecessary connections eliminated and function circuits strengthen

A

Circuit maturation and entrainment

30
Q

Growth cone:

___-zone: actin-rich lamellipodia and filopodia

___-zone: microtubule more stable

A

P zone

C zone

31
Q

Main molecular sign posts for growth cone?

A

1) Guide post cells
2) Long-range cues (attractants/repellants)
3) short-range cues (adhesion or repulsion)

32
Q

cells important decision points in axon’s route

A

Guidepost cells

33
Q

Navigate a much simpler environment as tissue is less developed

They served as trail blazers or scaffold for
other axons that navigate the pathway after them.

What are they?

A

Pioneer axons

34
Q

Short range REPULSION

A

actin depolymerization

35
Q

Short range ATTRACTION

A

microtubule stabilization

36
Q

short range cues provide ___ for axon growth

A

substrates

37
Q

different types of neurons shows preference for a particular ECM protein depending on _____

ECM proteins promote ____ ___

A

Receptors

axon growth

38
Q

CAMS signals

1) Guidepost cells
2) axon _____

A

fasciculation

39
Q

Attractant or repulsion:

NGF

A

attractant

40
Q

Attract/repulse:

Netrin/Ephrin/Wnt

A

both

41
Q

Semaphorin/slit

A

repellant

42
Q

How can some attract and repulse

A

cAMP levels and receptor type

43
Q

The order of signals in sequence influences navigation.

What is this called?

A

spatiotemporal regulation

44
Q

Desensitization to signals by ___ of receptors or other interactions

A

degradation

45
Q

Commisural axons (crossing signals)

A

Robo receptors

Slit

High level ROBO3A

46
Q

How does crossing work

A

ROBO3A inhibits ROBO1 so cross to get to DCC

47
Q

After crossing

A

Robo1 is like: you ain’t going back

And Robo3B is like: yas girl

And slit is on this team too

48
Q

Can growth cone do stuff independent of soma?

A

Yep

49
Q

How does cell solve length of axon problem, cause the stuff gotta get there?

A

mRNA transported and stored at tip of axons/dendrites waiting for translation when is needed to meet immediate demand

50
Q

in growth cone, we got local ___ local ___ and local ___

A

local translation

local mRNA splicing

local regulation of cAMP/cGMP levels

51
Q

Do axons growth slower or faster when fasciculate together

A

faster

52
Q

What is the defasciculating signal in motor neurons?

A

beat-1a

53
Q

Branches usually formed when the leading GC

A

pauses

54
Q

Growth factors usually make axons

A

branch and grow toward target area

55
Q

The autonomous mechanisms in GC make possible to interpret different signals by GC in

A

same axon

56
Q

Matching gradients of expression of ligands in target area, and ligand receptors in axons, established what

A

topographic map

57
Q

Activity dependent

mechanisms in final targeting step reflect

A

cell specific targeting

58
Q

When growth cone at location

A

1) filopodia retract
2) GC pre and post membrane tightly apposed
3) vesicles add membrane to immature synapse
4) vesicles release progressively recruits receptors and proteins to postsynaptic density

59
Q

Connections keep and refined by

A

activity dependent mechanisms

60
Q

monocular neurons

A

layer 4

Neuroscience-special topic (8 decks)

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