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Neuroscience-special topic > Exam 1: Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neural progenitor expansion and neurogenesis occurs in

A

ventricular zone

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2
Q

After mitosis daughter cells become ___ post mitotic

A

fixed

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3
Q

During neuroepithelial cell division, ____ allows cells to divide unrestricted while maintaining dense packing

A

interkinetic nuclear migration

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4
Q

Neuroepithelial (NE) cells:

Division type
progeny

A

Symmetric

2x NE

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5
Q

Radial Glial progenitors (RG):

division type
progeny

A

Asymmetric

neurons, BPs

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6
Q

Basal Progenitors (BP):

division type
progeny

A

symmetric

two neurons

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7
Q

The length of cell cycle increases during embryogenesis mainly due to lengthening of ___ phase.

A

G1

reflects regulation of S entry

longer G1= increased chance of making neuron

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8
Q

Symmetric Division

A

neuroepithelial/radial glia

VERTICAL CLEAVAGE
bigger neuroepithelium (horizontal)

tangential expansion

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9
Q

if cleavage plane horizontal or tilted

A

asymmetric division

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10
Q

____ proteins control cleavage plane

A

SNARE

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11
Q

Symmetric division needs ___ interactions of SNARE, asymmetric needs ____

A

heterophilic (basolateral apical)

homophilic (basolateral x2 )

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12
Q

What if apical t-SNARE not present?

A

only 1 daughter cell is neuron

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13
Q

What is the molecular marker selectively expressed in essentially all neuroepithelial cells about to undergo neurogenic division?

A

Tis21

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14
Q

Humans have more (basal/apical) progenitors

A

basal

more diverse

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15
Q 
Symmetric division (NP SELF-RENEWAL)
increases \_\_\_\_ progenitors
A

radial glia

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16
Q

Asymmetric (NEUROGENIC DIVSION)

produces

A

radial glia

column of neurons destined to all layer

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17
Q

Symmetric division of INTERMEDIATE progenitors in SVZ produce

A

Radial glia

produce multiple columns of neurons (or radial column) destined to all layers of cortex

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18
Q

Size of ___ (with INTERMEDIATE PROGENITORS) predicts the location of gyra and sulci in human cortex.

A

SVZ

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19
Q

Radial unit hypothesis

A

cortex develops as array of interacting cortical columns or radial units, each of which originates from progenitor in VZ

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20
Q

Protomap

A

primordial identity of each function cortex area is encoded with cortical progenitors prior to formation of cortical layers.

21
Q

Mutations in genes regulating interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) produce

A

deficits in NP proliferation (microcephaly)

22
Q

NP proliferation is regulated by the length of the ___ ___

A

cell cycle

23
Q

mutations in genes that regulate ______ (Pax6/filamin) OR _____ (Rac1, cyclin D2, Numb stuff) affect NP proliferation and final position of neurons

A

cell cycle length

cell cycle exit

24
Q

Longer NP proliferations creates new opportunities for ____

A

regulation

regulated by factors secreted from afferent connections

25
Q

Polymicrogyria

A

regions of complex and excessive number of cortical convolutions with miniature gyri fused and superimposed together

GPR56 16q130 bilateral

Enviornment: intra utero ischemia, prenatal infection, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus

Symptoms: epilspy, delay, cerebral palsy, ID, dyslexia

26
Q

migrating cells- describe them

A

elongated soma,

trailing process which will be axon

27
Q

Excitatory neurons are generated in an ____ fashion

A

inside-out

28
Q

____ are generated in non-cortical locations for the most part

A

interneurons

29
Q

How do we track location of progenitors at different points in development?

A

3H-thymidine BrdU during S phase right before division

Can use prospective and retrospective lineage tracing

30
Q

Genetic recombination lineage tracing

A

Fate mapping with CRE

Green: Wnt1-CRE: recombination occurs

Red: no cre, no recombination. stop tomato

31
Q

Sequential competence:

A

A –> B –> C

things only from certain things

32
Q

Independent

multipotential lineage vs. unipotential lineages

A

multi: red vs. blue
‘
uni: red vs. blue then light vs. dark

33
Q

Nest multpotential lineages

A

random stuff?

34
Q

The sequential competence state model states that progenitors potential becomes progressively ____ over time

A

Restricted

Layers 6 –> 123
but 123 –> 123

35
Q

Tangential migration:

interneurons migrate like this

brings neurons orginated ___ to structure and gives rise to structures of mixed origin

A

far away

36
Q

Do radial and tangential migration occur same time?

A

Yes

37
Q

Radial migration relies on

A

short range and cell adhesion signals

38
Q

Tangential migration

A

relies on all types of signals: short range, long range, diffusible, cell-cell interactions

39
Q

In caudal neural tube ___ migration is more predominant

A

radial

40
Q

___ migration = development of cerebellum. External granule cell layer of the cerebellum comes from rhombic lip at the lateral border of the 4th ventricle. This gives rise to all granule cells.

A

Tangential

41
Q

In thalamus, what plot twist

A

outside born first, inside last

inside= correspond to nuclei close to 3rd ventricle

outside= nuclei close to border of thalamus

42
Q

Migration disorder:

Periventricular hetertopia/filamin1 mutation

A

neurons don’t migration out of VZ

43
Q

When ongoing migration fails:

Lissencephaly (LIS1 and DCX)

A

proper inside out pattern but

imprecise manner

44
Q

When ongoing migration fails:

Double cortex

A

mutation in DCX (x linked gene)

Due to x-inactivation, one neuron population with mutation doesn’t migrate correctly and stays below cortical plate

45
Q

If final stage of migration fails (reeler mouse)

A

rough inversion of inside out pattern of cortical migration

excess of neurons normally cell-sparse marginal zone.

Dab1 is involved

46
Q

Cdk5 and p35:

inverted cortical plate, but it’s special

A

leave marginal zone intact

don’t disrupt accurarcy with which neurons of similar type laminate

47
Q

____ mutant: subplate in middle of cortical plate

A

Cdk5

48
Q

___ mutant: subplate is beneth cortical plate

A

p35

49
Q

What is the most common symptom of migration disorder

A

seizure

Neuroscience-special topic (8 decks)

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