Exam 2 Negative Energy Balance

Question 1

what cows are more likely to get ketosis due to hypoglycemia

Answer 1

those in the free stalls or dry lot
postpartum, multiparis > heifers, immature or old cows

Question 2

do not exceed ___ capacity in dairy-free stall barn

Answer 2

90%

Question 3

main substrate for gluconeogenesis in ruminants

Answer 3

proprionate

Question 4

how can propionate be constantly supplied in ruminants with a high demand for energy (lactation/gestation)

Answer 4

high grain/concentrates
ionophores

Question 5

normal [BG] in cattle

Answer 5

65

Question 6

3 most common ketones

Answer 6

Acetoacetate, BHBA, & Acetone

Question 7

normal [BHBA]

Answer 7

< 1.2 mmol/L

Question 8

what causes the production of ketones/ketosis

Answer 8

insufficient oxaloacetate to allow ACoA to enter the TCA cycle

Question 9

ketosis treatment

Answer 9

dextrose IV
propylene glycol
B-vitamin shot

Question 10

primary ketosis

Answer 10

ration is deficient in carbohydrates

Question 11

secondary ketosis

Answer 11

diet is fine but has another disease making it anorexic or younger/older animals less likely to eat compared to adults/mature animals

Question 12

which type of ketosis is more common

Answer 12

secondary ketosis

Question 13

why is oxaloacetate limited?

Answer 13

it is mobilized out of mitochondria to support gluconeogenesis

Question 14

what is fatty liver/fat cow syndrome “hepatic lipidosis”

Answer 14

prolonged negative energy balance
immediately after calving or 3.5+ BCS (overconiditioned cows)

sudden, rapid loss of body condition is abnormal; normal loss is expected around time of calving

Question 15

how hormone helps mobilize body fat in cows

Answer 15

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

Question 16

how is diabetes in dogs similar to ketosis in dairy cattle

Answer 16

both are states of intracellular oxaloacetate deprivation

Question 17

how does pregnancy toxicity in ruminants occur

Answer 17

negative energy balance due to fetus draining energy

Question 18

Describe the expected hepatic and serum biochemical responses to chronic negative energy balance in horses.

Answer 18

occurs in overweight dams in late pregnancy or early lactation

horses = ACoA convert into lipoproteins resulting in hyperlipidemia (no ketosis) & hepatic fat deposition

Question 19

Describe the expected hepatic and serum biochemical responses to chronic negative energy balance in camelids.

Answer 19

Mobilized FFA go to liver → ketogenesis (like ruminants), hepatic fat deposition (ruminants & horses), hyperlipidemia (like horses)

hyperglycemic due to elevated gluconeogenesis & not heavy milk producers