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Disease > Exam 2 - More Signaling > Flashcards

Exam 2 - More Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What is somatotropin?

A

Growth hormone

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2
Q

Where is somatotropin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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3
Q

Through what does somatotropin act?

A

Via growth hormone receptor

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4
Q

Where is IGF-1 made?

A

Liver

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5
Q

What 4 things does somatotropin affect growth of?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bone
  3. Adipose tissue
  4. Skeletal muscle
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6
Q

How is GH used in children?

A

Supplemented for GH deficiency

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7
Q

How do body builders use GH?

A

To decrease body fat

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8
Q

How is GH used in aging populations?

A

To decrease loss of muscle mass

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9
Q

What is the IC structure of the GH receptor?

A

Dimer

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10
Q

What pathway does GH utilize?

A

MAPK and Jak/STAT

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11
Q

What is the end result of GH using the MAPK pathway?

A

Cell division/chondrocytes and bone growth during childhood

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12
Q

What is the end result of GH using the Jak/STAT pathway?

A

IGF-1 production in the liver and growth of liver and other tissues

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13
Q

What are the levels of IGF-1 in Great Danes vs. Chihuahuas?

A

High in Danes, Low in Chihuahuas

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14
Q

What is special about IGF-1 haplotypes in small breeds?

A

Impact IGF-1’s signal for production of GH; less GH is made than in larger breeds

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15
Q

What occurs in mouse models with elevated GH levels?

A

Gigantism

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16
Q

What occurs in mouse models with GH insensitivity?

A

Liver is unable to read signal to GH receptor.

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17
Q

What type of mutation does the Ames dwarf mouse have that leads to it being GH-deficient?

A

Loss-of-function

- Pituitary TF mutant

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18
Q

When GH signaling decreases, what happens to lifespan?

A

Increases

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19
Q

What does IGF-1 promote survival of when related to bovine somatotropin?

A

Mammary alveolar cells

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20
Q

What 3 things does recombinant BST do?

A
  1. Increases IGF-1 production in liver
  2. Increases survival of mammary alveoli
  3. Increases production over course of lactation
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21
Q

What are the side effects of rBST?

A

Can cause increased mastitis in cows and pregnancy issues if the cow gets pregnant another time

22
Q

What makes cAMP?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

23
Q

What does cAMP activate?

A

PKA

24
Q

What does PKA do?

A

Phosphorylates and activates many proteins

25
Q

What is cAMP hydrolyzed to?

A

AMP

26
Q

What facilitates ATP –> cAMP?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

27
Q

What facilitates cAMP –> AMP?

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE)

28
Q

How is PKA activated?

A

cAMP binds to PKA regulatory subunits, catalytic subunits become active

29
Q

What does adrenaline stimulate in the muscle?

A

Glycogen breakdown

30
Q

What does glucagon stimulate in the liver?

A

Glycogen breakdown

31
Q

What stimulates the muscle to break down glycogen?

A

adrenaline

32
Q

What stimulates the liver to break down glycogen?

A

glucagon

33
Q

What stimulates the heart to increase HR and force of contraction?

A

adrenaline

34
Q

What does adrenaline stimulate in the heart?

A

Increased HR and force of contraction

35
Q

What releases cholera toxin?

A

Vibrio cholerae

36
Q

What does CTX catalyze in the cell?

A

Covalent modification of G protein

37
Q

How does CTX act to increase the concentration of cAMP in the cell?

A

Activates adenylyl cyclase

38
Q

What do elevated cAMP and PKA levels open in the cell in response to CTX?

A

Chloride (CFTR) channel

39
Q

What ultimately causes watery diarrhea in someone with cholera?

A

Loss of Cl- and water from the cell

40
Q

What is the therapeutic approach for cholera?

A

Enkephalin (opioid)

41
Q

Where is adrenaline/epinephrine produced?

A

Adrenal medulla

42
Q

Where does adrenaline bind?

A

GPCRs (adrenergic receptors)

43
Q

What does adrenaline lead to in the alpha-1 pathway?

A

Vasoconstriction of GI and periphery blood vessels

44
Q

What does adrenaline lead to in the alpha-2 pathway?

A

GI sphincter innervation and constriction

45
Q

What happens to adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and smooth muscle in the alpha-2 adrenaline pathway?

A

Adenylyl cyclase activates
cAMP increases
Smooth muscle contracts

46
Q

What happens to adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and smooth muscle in the beta adrenaline pathway?

A

Adenylyl cyclase activates
cAMP increases
Smooth muscle relaxes

47
Q

What does adrenaline lead to in the beta pathway?

A

Increased HR, open airways (heart and bronchioles)

48
Q

What is special about the way caffeine enters a cell?

A

It is lipid and water soluble so can enter the cell without binding to a receptor

49
Q

Caffeine is a neuro_____.

A

stimulant

50
Q

What does caffeine inhibit and what results?

A

Inhibits PDE, resulting in increased cAMP concentration, increased PKA activity (increased HR)

51
Q

What are 2 ways to increase [cAMP]?

A
  1. Activate adenylyl cyclases (GPCR activation)

2. Inhibit PDE

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