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Disease > Exam 2 - Glycocalyx and ECM > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Glycocalyx and ECM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the glycocalyx and what is it made of?

A

EC surface of cells; made of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

“Membrane decoration”

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2
Q

What is the ECM secreted by?

A

Cells that interact with it.

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3
Q

Is the ECM a part of the cell?

A

no

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4
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Polypeptides conjugated to polysaccharides

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5
Q

Which portion of the glycoprotein is associated with the membrane?

A

protein portion

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6
Q

What determines the height and thickness of the glycocalyx?

A

Saccharide portion

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7
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Polysaccharides bound to membrane lipids

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8
Q

What are the most complex glycolipids?

A

Gangliosides

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9
Q

What is important about gangliosides?

A

They play a large role in immunology and are a receptor for bacterial toxins

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the glycocalyx?

A
  1. Protective barrier
  2. Immune recognition of self
  3. Intercellular adherence
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11
Q

What does the glycocalyx protect the cell from?

A

Bacterial invasion

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12
Q

What are two examples of glycocalyx functioning as intercellular adherence?

A
  1. Early adhesion events during tissue formation

2. Blood clot formation

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13
Q

What is the difference in structure between A/B antigens and O antigens?

A

A and B antigens are O antigens with additional saccharides attached to them.

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14
Q

What are the 3 human blood group antigens?

A

A, AB, O

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the glycocalyx and digestive enzymes?

A

Enzymes attach to the glycocalyx to digest food coming in

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16
Q

What part of the glycocalyx increases the surface area of intestinal cells?

A

Height and density

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17
Q

What does the glycocalyx on absorptive intestinal cells provide a barrier against?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Why are antigen sampling cells more susceptible to Salmonella infection?

A

They sample inside of the gut

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19
Q

Where does the H5N1 avian flu attach in birds?

A

Glycoproteins act as attachment sites in the mid-region of lungs

20
Q

How does the H5N1 avian flu spread from birds?

A

Can be coughed out

21
Q

Where does the H5N1 avian flu attach in humans?

A

Glycoproteins act as attachment sites deep in the lungs

22
Q

How does the H5N1 avian flu spread from humans?

A

It doesn’t; replicated virus cannot be coughed out

23
Q

Where are most animal cells embedded?

A

ECM

24
Q

What type of tissue is the ECM most prominent in?

A

Connective tissue

25
Q

What is the ratio of ECM to cells in c.t.?

A

ECM more plentiful than cells

26
Q

What are the 3 components of ECM in c.t.?

A
  1. Fibers
  2. GAGs (most attached to proteoglycans)
  3. Other proteins
27
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Protein core with carb chains attached (GAG chains)

- There are many different types

28
Q

What largely determines the function of proteoglycans?

A

Associated GAG chains

29
Q

What are the 2 main functions of proteoglycans?

A
  1. Attract water; provide well-hydrated matrix

2. Withstand compressive forces

30
Q

What is an example of a GAG discussed in class?

A

Hyaluronic acid

31
Q

Where is hyaluronic acid found?

A

ECM in dermis

32
Q

What are the 2 functions of hyaluronic acid?

A
  1. Pulls in water

2. Helps to “plump up” skin

33
Q

What animal has an overproduction of hyaluronic acid and what happens?

A

Sharpei; wrinkled and slimy skin

34
Q

What are the 2 fiber types found in ECM?

A
  1. Collagen

2. Elastic

35
Q

Where is collagen synthesized and where is it assembled?

A

Synthesized in the cell; assembled extracellularly

36
Q

What determines the forces that can be tolerated by tissue?

A

Arrangement of collagen fibers

37
Q

Between dense irregular c.t. and dense regular c.t., which is strongest?

A

Dense irregular

38
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Defect in collagen synthesis

39
Q

How does Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome present?

A

Cutis hyperelastica

40
Q

What is cutis hyperelastica?

A

Defect in collagen in the dermis

41
Q

What are elastic fibers made up of?

A

Network of elastin molecules

42
Q

What is the structure of elastic fibers when relaxed?

A

Fibers coiled and attached to one another

43
Q

What are 3 types of tissues/organs that have elasticity?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Aorta
  3. Lung
44
Q

What breaks down elastin?

A

elastase

45
Q

Where is elastin found in the lungs?

A

Around alveoli

46
Q

What does excessive elastase production result in?

A

Emphysema; alveoli cannot contract when a breath is released

Disease (7 decks)

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