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Disease > Exam 2 - Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

Chromosome duplication/DNA replication

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2
Q

What happens in M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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3
Q

What are the two parts of a human mitotic chromosome called?

A

Sister chromatids

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4
Q

When is the only time that a chromosome will condense?

A

When a cell is undergoing mitosis

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5
Q

What is the end result of the M phase?

A

Two diploid (daughter) cells

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6
Q

What are the 6 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
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7
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindles assemble

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8
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

Breakdown of nuclear envelope; chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules via kinetochores

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9
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; kinetochores attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle

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10
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids synchronously separate to form two daughter chromosomes; each chromatid is pulled toward the spindle pole it faces

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11
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles of the spindle and decondense; new nuclear envelope assembles

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12
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divided in two by actin and myosin filaments; two daughter cells form, each with their own nucleus

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A
  1. G1 (gap phase)
  2. S
  3. G2 (gap phase)
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14
Q

At what stage does the cell cycle arrest?

A

G0

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15
Q

What type of Cdk does yeast have?

A

Cdk1

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16
Q

How do the Cdks of yeast vary from those of vertebrates?

A

Yeast has one, vertebrates have several

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17
Q

What happens to cyclin at each stage of the cell cycle?

A

Levels fluctuate

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18
Q

How does Cdk activity relate to cyclin binding?

A

It rises and falls in response to cyclin binding

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19
Q

How are cyclins made and degraded?

A

Cyclically in dividing cells

20
Q

When is the only time that Cdk is active?

A

When their cyclin is around

21
Q

What are the 3 ways to regulate activity of the Cdk-cyclin complex?

A
  1. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
  2. Cdk inhibitor protein-binding to cyclin-Cdk
  3. Cdk inhibitor protein degradation
22
Q

What does CAK do?

A

Fully activates Cdk

23
Q

What does Cdc25 do?

A

Counteracts Wee1

24
Q

What does Wee1 do?

A

Inhibits Cdk through phosphorylation

25
Q

What do CKIs do?

A

Inhibit Cdks

26
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1/S
  2. G2/M
  3. M/G1
27
Q

What questions are asked at the G2 checkpoint?

A

Is all the DNA replicated?

Is the environment favorable?

28
Q

What question is asked at the metaphase checkpoint?

A

Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?

29
Q

What question is asked at the G1 checkpoint?

A

Is the environment favorable?

30
Q

What 3 proteins are important for cell cycle control?

A
  1. Retinoblastoma
  2. Ras
  3. p53
31
Q

What is retinoblastoma involved with?

A

Cell cycle arrest

32
Q

What is Ras involved with?

A

Stimulates cell division; action at G2/M checkpoint

33
Q

What is p53 involved with?

A

Stops cell division momentarily; action at G2/M checkpoint

34
Q

What is retinoblastoma?

A

Tumor suppressor

35
Q

What happens when Rb is inactive or mutant?

A

Cell enters S phase –> aggressive tumor in the retina

- Treatment = bilateral enucleation

36
Q

What effect does activated Ras have on Rb?

A

Indirectly inactivates Rb

37
Q

What protein binds p53 and what does it do?

A

mdm2; inhibits p53 activity

38
Q

What two proteins are necessary for sister chromatid cohesion?

A
  1. Cohesin

2. Condensin

39
Q

What does protease separase do?

A

Cleaves cohesin allowing sister chromatid separation

40
Q

What is the chromosome phenotype after inactivation of cohesin?

A

Precocious sister chromatid separation

41
Q

What is the chromosome phenotype after inactivation of condensin?

A

Unresolved sister chromatids

42
Q

What is the chromosome phenotype after inactivation of separase?

A

Diplochromosomes (re-replicated, non-disjoined chromatids)

43
Q

What are 4 anti-cancer therapy strategies aimed at all dividing cells?

A
  1. Inhibition of microtubule polymerization
  2. Severe DNA damage
  3. Interfere with cell metabolism
  4. Inhibit DNA synthesis
44
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Hyperplastic skin disease where inflammation causes excessive skin proliferation

45
Q

What is avian pox?

A

Hyperplastic skin disease that induces epidermal proliferation and hyperkeratosis

Disease (7 decks)

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