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Disease > Exam 2 - Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Cell Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

The heads of the phospholipid bilayer are _____.

A

hydrophilic

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3
Q

The tails of the phospholipid bilayer are _____.

A

Hydrophobic

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4
Q

What is the basic structure of a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate group on one end with a hydrocarbon tail coming off of it.

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5
Q

What does the hydrocarbon tail of a phospholipid look like when there are no double bonds?

A

Saturated

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6
Q

What does the hydrocarbon tail of a phospholipid look like when there is a cis double bond?

A

Unsaturated

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7
Q

Are all cell membranes the same?

A

no

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8
Q

What is the thickness of phospholipid bilayers that are unsaturated vs. saturated?

A

Unsaturated are thinner due to “bent” leg with cis-double bond

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9
Q

T/F: It does not take energy for a cell membrane to maintain asymmetry.

A

FALSE – it does take energy to maintain asymmetry

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10
Q

When does the cell membrane lose asymmetry?

A

When the cell is dead or dying

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11
Q

What are the three main ways that molecules can cross a membrane?

A
  1. Carrier protein
  2. Channel protein
  3. Passively w/o help
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12
Q

What are the two main types of ion channels?

A
  1. Always open (leak)

2. Gated

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13
Q

What is an ion that uses a leak channel?

A

K+

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14
Q

What are the two types of gated ion channels?

A
  1. Voltage-gated

2. Ligand-gated

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15
Q

What two ions use voltage-gated ion channels?

A
  1. K+

2. Na+

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16
Q

What ions use ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Na+

17
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Electrical difference between the inside and outside of the cell

18
Q

What is the membrane potential inside vs. outside of the cell?

A

inside of cell is much more negative than the outside

19
Q

Why is the inside of the cell more negative than the outside?

A

Bc large NEGATIVELY charged proteins and other molecules cannot exit the cell

20
Q

What is the Goldman Equation used for?

A

Used to calculate the membrane potential

21
Q

What two things must be known in order to use the Goldman equation to calculate membrane potential?

A
  1. Permeability of membrane to ions

2. Intracellular vs. extracellular concentration of ions

22
Q

What two things does the movement of ions depend on?

A
  1. Electrochemical gradient

2. Permeability of membrane to ions

23
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

Electrical difference and ion’s concentration difference bt inside and outside of cell

24
Q

What does the permeability of membrane to ions depend upon?

A

Presence of open channels

25
Q

What is the concentration of Na+ inside vs. outside of the cell?

A

Lower on inside than outside

26
Q

What is the concentration of K+ inside vs. outside of the cell?

A

Higher on inside than outside

27
Q

What is the state of Na+ channels at rest?

A

Closed (low permeability)

28
Q

What is the state of K+ channels at rest?

A

Open (high permeability)

29
Q

Why doesn’t more K+ enter the cell and make it less negative?

A

K+ wants to move down its concentration gradient (AKA OUT of the cell) so does not move into cell

30
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

Increase in EC K+

31
Q

How would electrochemical gradient for K+ be affected under hyperkalemia?

A

More driving force for K+ to move into the cell

32
Q

What would happen to the resting membrane potential under hyperkalemia?

A

It would decrease/become less negative/move close to 0.

33
Q

What would happen to the action potential under hyperkalemia?

A

Moves closer to threshold/more likely to happen

34
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Decrease in EC Na+

35
Q

How would the electrochemical gradient be affected under hyponatremia?

A

Less driving force for Na+ to move into cell

36
Q

What would happen to the resting membrane potential under hyponatremia?

A

Nothing because Na+ channels are closed

37
Q

What would happen to action potentials under hyponatremia?

A

They would be smaller

38
Q

If EC Na+ is decreased, what might happen to IC water balance?

A

Acute water intoxication

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